Biochemistry Flashcards
Cytoplasm
jelly like substance where organelles float
Microfilament
provides support for cell
Microtubules
Part of cytoskeleton that aids in movement of things through cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
internal framework of cell composed of microfilaments and microtubules
Nucleus
Control centre that contains chromatin and DNA
Nucleolus
Center of nucleus that produces ribosomes
Nuclear Membrane
2 layered membrane with pores where substances enter and leave
Nucleoplasm
fluid where nucleolus and chromosomes float
Centriole
2 cylinders of tubules that assist in reproduction
Vacuole
stores materials like food, water, sugars, and waste
Mitochondria
releases energy from digested food, site of fat and sugar digestion
Microvili
increase surface area, helping absorb nutrients
Lysosome
produces enzymes that aid in digestion and excretion of worn out organells
Ribosome
Small structures that functions in protein assembly
Secretory Vesicle
Sac that contains various substances produced by the cell and secreted at the membrane
Golgi complex
proccesses and packages proteins for rough er to release it at the cell membrane
Smooth ER
Transports materials through cell, also for calcium storage and fat metabolism
Rough ER
folded membranes studded with ribosomes that help transport materials
Peroxisome
makes enzymes that oxidize toxic chemicals
Cell Membrane
encloses cell, lets things in and out
Intermediate Filaments
Provides mechanical support for plasma membrane
Carbohydrates (3)
Glucose, fructose, galactose (monosaccharides)
Dissacharide
2 monosaccharides coming together
Glucose + Glucose
Maltose
Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose
Lactose
Fatty acids
can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polysaturated.
Stored as triglycerides for long term energy
Monounsaturated can be further divided into
cis or trans
Amino Acids contain…
an amine and a carboxyl group
Lipids are for…
Shock absorption
long term energy storage
hormone storage
insulation
Types of proteins
primary- simple chain
secondary- makes a helix or plated shape
tertirary- makes a clump
quanterary- clumps come together
Nucleic acid
Complex organic substance that is present in living cells
RNA
when the sugar is a simple ribose
DNA
When the sugar is derived from deoxyribose
Phosphate backbone
Structural component of dna made up of 5 carbon deoxyriboses, and phosphate groups
Ribose
found in RNA, “normal” sugar
Deoxyribose
Modified sugar lacking 1 oxygen atom
Nitrogenous Base
Organic molecule with a nitrogen atom and the chemical properties of a base
Purienes
Guanine, Adenine
Pyrimidines
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
Osmosis
Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration through a semi permeable membrane
Hypotonic
Smaller concentration outside the cell, water rushes in, causing cell to expand
Hypertonic
Greater concentration on inside of cell, water rushes out therefore shrinking the cell
Isotonic
concentration is the same, water goes in and out, @ equilibrium
Phospholipid
allows water through cell
phospholipid is made up of
chlorine, phosphate, glycerol, and 2 fatty acids
water loving head, water fearing tail
endocytosis
the process in which materials enter the cell
integral protein
lets things in and out
Facilitated diffusion integral protein
a path to move things through passive transport
allosteric site
a place to bind to facilitate active transport
Active transport integral protein
transports proteins that assist in the movement of substances
Cholosterol
helps by slightly immobilizing the outer surface of the membrane and makes it less soluble to very small water soluble molecules that would otherwise pass through, without it cell membrane would be too fluid
Extrinsic peripheral protein
transports molecules or receptors
Gllycolipid
lipids with a carbohydrate attached by glycosidic bond maintains stability of membrane
Glycoprotein
Proteins with carbohydrates attached to polypeptide chain, stabilizes structure by forming hydrogen bonds with water
intrinsic peripheral protein
never crosses membrane, for transportation, anchoring, and cell signaling
microfilament
provides support to the cell
