Molecular genetics Flashcards
differentiation is when cells begin to form __ structures
specific and specialized
____________________ is when cells begin to form specific and specialized structures
differentiation
growth is when cell divisions form more cells with __ function as parent cell
identical
________________ is when cell divisions form more cells with identical function as parent cell
growth
craniofacial malformations that can occur during embryonic development
-crouson
-apent
-pfeiffer
-clefting syndrome
what period of growth (fetal) has the highest sensitivity?
3-8 weeks
most likely to have malformations
patterning is when cells are organized into layers known as __
gastrulation
craniofacial malformations have the highest chance of occurring during __ period
3-8 weeks (embryogenesis)
patterning needs to occur in __ dimensions
3
-anterior- posterior
-dorsal- ventral
-proximal- distal
bone mass traits that can occur during embryonic development
-scleroseosis and van buschem’s
-high bone mass and OPPG
-paget’s diease
tooth development disorders that can occur during embryonic development
-dentinogenesis imperfecta
-amelogenesis imperfecta
4 important concepts of embryonic developments
-universal mechanisms of animal development
-protein substitution
-inductive signaling
-regional determination
malocclusion syndromes that can occur during embryonic development
-Pierre- Robin
-Treacher Collins
-Marfan syndrome
tooth __ can occur during embryonic development
agenesis and movement
craniofacial anomalies account for __ all congenital defects
1/3
inductive signaling steps
-starting point
-cell- cell signaling
-cell signaling cascade
-acts over great distances
universal mechanisms of animal development the same proteins help mediate __ in different animals
cell interactions and gene regulation
with symmetric division sister cells become different __ due to influences acting on them
AFTER birth
__ defines the development program
regulatory DNA
gastrulation is when the embryo transforms from a single cell layer into __
three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
there are more than __ distinct craniofacial syndromes that occur in __ of all live births
700, 3%
social epigenomics is the impact of __ factors and how that manifests biologically through genetic changes
social and environmental
craniofacial development steps?
-Neural tube development
-Formation of layers
-Neural crest cell development
-Tissue-tissue interactions
-Tissue specific gene expression
-Reciprocal Induction
-Growth and mineralization of bones and teeth
-Neural development
-Muscle development
neural crest cells are located between the
neural tube and epidermis
neural crest cell migration is regulated by __ that restrict their movement
morphogens and growth factors
asysmmetric division
sister cells born different
sysmetric division
sisters become different as a result of influences acting on them after birth
these adults structures are found in the frontonasal process
-forehead
-cornea
these adults structures are found in the first pharyngeal arch
-nose
-palate
-jaw
these adults structures are found in the second pharyngeal arch
-hyoid cartilage
these adults structures are found in the third pharyngeal arch
-thymus
-heart vessels
these adults structures are found in the fourth pharyngeal arch
-thyroid and parathyroid
-cranial nerves
5 key developmental signaling pathways
-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
-TGFB superfamily
-Wnt
-hedgehog
-notch
overall steps signaling in tooth development
initiation-> morphogenesis-> differentiation and mineralization-> root formation and eruption
the initiation stage involves
-dental lamina
-mesenchyme
-ectoderm
the bud stage contains
dental placode
the cap stage contains
-cervical loop
-enamel knot
the bell stage contains
-secondary enamel knots
the late bell stage contains
-dentin
-enamel
over __ genes involved in craniofacial genetic diseases
300
there are __ ectodermal dysplasia disorders
> 100
ectodermal dysplasia commonly involves one or more of __
teeth, nails, skin, sweat, hair
hypodontia is missing __ teeth
a few
oligodontia is missing __ teeth, excluding third molars
more than 6
anodontia missing __ teeth
ALL
microdontia teeth are __ and macrodontia teeth are __
smaller, larger
homeobox code involved in developing the middle ear
-Barx1
-Gsc
-Dlx1/2
-Pitx1
homeobox code involved in developing the teeth
-Barx1
-Lhx6/7
-Dlx1/2
-Pitx1
-Msx1/2
-Satb2
most important signaling molecules for tooth development
-BMP
-WNT
-SHH
-FGF
homeobox code involved in developing the salivary glands
-Barx1
-Lhx6/7
-Dlx1/2
-Pitx1
a homeobox code drives __
tooth formation
homeobox code involved in developing meckel’s cartilage
-Hand1/2
-Msx1/2
