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Growth and development > Molecular genetics > Flashcards

Molecular genetics Flashcards

1
Q

differentiation is when cells begin to form __ structures

A

specific and specialized

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2
Q

____________________ is when cells begin to form specific and specialized structures

A

differentiation

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3
Q

growth is when cell divisions form more cells with __ function as parent cell

A

identical

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4
Q

________________ is when cell divisions form more cells with identical function as parent cell

A

growth

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5
Q

craniofacial malformations that can occur during embryonic development

A

-crouson
-apent
-pfeiffer
-clefting syndrome

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6
Q

what period of growth (fetal) has the highest sensitivity?

A

3-8 weeks

most likely to have malformations

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7
Q

patterning is when cells are organized into layers known as __

A

gastrulation

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8
Q

craniofacial malformations have the highest chance of occurring during __ period

A

3-8 weeks (embryogenesis)

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9
Q

patterning needs to occur in __ dimensions

A

3
-anterior- posterior
-dorsal- ventral
-proximal- distal

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10
Q

bone mass traits that can occur during embryonic development

A

-scleroseosis and van buschem’s
-high bone mass and OPPG
-paget’s diease

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11
Q

tooth development disorders that can occur during embryonic development

A

-dentinogenesis imperfecta
-amelogenesis imperfecta

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12
Q

4 important concepts of embryonic developments

A

-universal mechanisms of animal development
-protein substitution
-inductive signaling
-regional determination

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13
Q

malocclusion syndromes that can occur during embryonic development

A

-Pierre- Robin
-Treacher Collins
-Marfan syndrome

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14
Q

tooth __ can occur during embryonic development

A

agenesis and movement

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15
Q

craniofacial anomalies account for __ all congenital defects

A

1/3

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16
Q

inductive signaling steps

A

-starting point
-cell- cell signaling
-cell signaling cascade
-acts over great distances

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17
Q

universal mechanisms of animal development the same proteins help mediate __ in different animals

A

cell interactions and gene regulation

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18
Q

with symmetric division sister cells become different __ due to influences acting on them

A

AFTER birth

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19
Q

__ defines the development program

A

regulatory DNA

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20
Q

gastrulation is when the embryo transforms from a single cell layer into __

A

three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)

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21
Q

there are more than __ distinct craniofacial syndromes that occur in __ of all live births

A

700, 3%

22
Q

social epigenomics is the impact of __ factors and how that manifests biologically through genetic changes

A

social and environmental

23
Q

craniofacial development steps?

A

-Neural tube development
-Formation of layers
-Neural crest cell development
-Tissue-tissue interactions
-Tissue specific gene expression
-Reciprocal Induction
-Growth and mineralization of bones and teeth
-Neural development
-Muscle development

24
Q

neural crest cells are located between the

A

neural tube and epidermis

25
Q

neural crest cell migration is regulated by __ that restrict their movement

A

morphogens and growth factors

26
Q

asysmmetric division

A

sister cells born different

27
Q

sysmetric division

A

sisters become different as a result of influences acting on them after birth

28
Q

these adults structures are found in the frontonasal process

A

-forehead
-cornea

29
Q

these adults structures are found in the first pharyngeal arch

A

-nose
-palate
-jaw

30
Q

these adults structures are found in the second pharyngeal arch

A

-hyoid cartilage

31
Q

these adults structures are found in the third pharyngeal arch

A

-thymus
-heart vessels

32
Q

these adults structures are found in the fourth pharyngeal arch

A

-thyroid and parathyroid
-cranial nerves

33
Q

5 key developmental signaling pathways

A

-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
-TGFB superfamily
-Wnt
-hedgehog
-notch

34
Q

overall steps signaling in tooth development

A

initiation-> morphogenesis-> differentiation and mineralization-> root formation and eruption

35
Q

the initiation stage involves

A

-dental lamina
-mesenchyme
-ectoderm

36
Q

the bud stage contains

A

dental placode

37
Q

the cap stage contains

A

-cervical loop
-enamel knot

38
Q

the bell stage contains

A

-secondary enamel knots

39
Q

the late bell stage contains

A

-dentin
-enamel

40
Q

over __ genes involved in craniofacial genetic diseases

A

300

41
Q

there are __ ectodermal dysplasia disorders

A

> 100

42
Q

ectodermal dysplasia commonly involves one or more of __

A

teeth, nails, skin, sweat, hair

43
Q

hypodontia is missing __ teeth

A

a few

44
Q

oligodontia is missing __ teeth, excluding third molars

A

more than 6

45
Q

anodontia missing __ teeth

A

ALL

46
Q

microdontia teeth are __ and macrodontia teeth are __

A

smaller, larger

47
Q

homeobox code involved in developing the middle ear

A

-Barx1
-Gsc
-Dlx1/2
-Pitx1

48
Q

homeobox code involved in developing the teeth

A

-Barx1
-Lhx6/7
-Dlx1/2
-Pitx1
-Msx1/2
-Satb2

49
Q

most important signaling molecules for tooth development

A

-BMP
-WNT
-SHH
-FGF

50
Q

homeobox code involved in developing the salivary glands

A

-Barx1
-Lhx6/7
-Dlx1/2
-Pitx1

51
Q

a homeobox code drives __

A

tooth formation

52
Q

homeobox code involved in developing meckel’s cartilage

A

-Hand1/2
-Msx1/2

Growth and development (5 decks)

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