Molecular Building Blocks

Question 1

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

Answer 1

Cn(H20)n

Question 2

What is lactose made of?

Answer 2

Glucose + galactose

Question 3

What is sucrose made of?

Answer 3

Glucose + fructose

Question 4

What does glucose + glucose make?

Answer 4

Maltose

Question 5

What are monosaccharides made of?

Answer 5

Chain of carbons, hydroxyl groups and one carbonyl group.

Question 6

Which bond is formed when the hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide is reacted with an OH or NH group?

Answer 6

Glycosidic bond

Question 7

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 7

Two monosaccharides joined by an O-glycosidic bond

Question 8

How many monosaccharides do oligosaccharides contain?

Answer 8

3-12

Question 9

How many monosaccharides do polysaccharides contain?

Answer 9

Thousands

Question 10

What glycosidic bonds does glycogen have?

Answer 10

Alpha 1,4

Alpha 1,6

Question 11

What are lipids made of?

Answer 11

Straight carbon chains with a methyl group and a carboxyl group

Question 12

What are triglycerides made of?

Answer 12

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

Question 13

What are unsaturated C-C bonds?

Answer 13

Double bonds

Question 14

What are nucleotides made of?

Answer 14

Nitrogenous base + a sugar

Question 15

Which sugar is found in RNA?

Answer 15

Ribose

Question 16

Which sugar is found in DNA?

Answer 16

Deoxyribose

Question 17

Name the purines

Answer 17

Adenine

Thymine

Question 18

Name the pyrimidines

Answer 18

Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

Question 19

Name the bonds between nitrogenous bases and within the sugar backbone of nucleotides.

Answer 19

Bases = hydrogen bonds

Sugar backbone = phosphodiester bonds

Question 20

How do the nitrogenous bases pair up?

Answer 20

A+T
A+U
C+G

Question 21

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 21

20

Question 22

What is an amino acid made of?

Answer 22

Carbon with an amino group, carboxyl group and a side chain.

Question 23

Which part of the amino acid determines polarity?

Answer 23

Side chain

Question 24

How are peptide bonds formed?

Answer 24

By a condensation reaction (H20 is released) between a carboxyl group and amino group

Question 25

How are proteins are formed?

Answer 25

By linking a chain of 10-1000s amino acids by peptide bonds. Function is entirely dependent on structure

Question 26

What are the properties of peptide bonds?

Answer 26

Very stable | Cleaved by proteolytic enzymes

Question 27

What does the primary structure of a protein consist of?

Answer 27

Amino acid chain (<50)

Question 28

What is the secondary protein structure?

Answer 28

Formation of alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

Question 29

What is the tertiary protein structure?

Answer 29

Overall 2D conformation of a protein. Bonds involved include ionic, disulphide bridges and Van der Waal forces.

Question 30

What is the quaternary protein structure?

Answer 30

3D structure of a protein composed of multiple subunits.

Question 31

Which forces hold proteins together?

Answer 31

Van der Waals. Weak force.

Question 32

Which bond is found between polar groups?

Answer 32

Hydrogen bonds

Question 33

List the factors that effect the rate of reaction.

Answer 33

``` Temperature PH Concentration of reactants Surface area of solid reactant Pressure of gaseous reactant ```

Question 34

What are enzymes?

Answer 34

Biological catalysts. Type of protein.

Question 35

How do enzymes work?

Answer 35

By providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. They bind to substrates and convert them to products.

Question 36

How are enzymes regulated?

Answer 36

By altering the concentration of substrates, and products

Question 37

What is the name given to enzymes which have a different structure but catalyse the same reaction?

Answer 37

Isoenzyme

Question 38

Enzymes work at specific temperatures and PHs. What happens if enzymes are exposed outside of this range?

Answer 38

They become denatured

Question 39

Which molecules aid enzymes but cannot catalyse a reaction themselves?

Answer 39

Coenzymes

Question 40

Name two proteins that carry oxygen which have the same tertiary structure.

Answer 40

Haemoglobin and myoglobin

Question 41

Where does oxygen bind to in haemoglobin?

Answer 41

Iron (can be seen as a coenzyme)

Question 42

Which factors effect haemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Answer 42

Temperature, H+ and partial pressure of CO2

Question 43

What do antibodies bind to?

Answer 43

Antigens. This is specific binding. They are bound by the variable domain of the antibody.