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IMMS > Molecular Building Blocks > Flashcards

Molecular Building Blocks Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

Cn(H20)n

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2
Q

What is lactose made of?

A

Glucose + galactose

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3
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

Glucose + fructose

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4
Q

What does glucose + glucose make?

A

Maltose

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5
Q

What are monosaccharides made of?

A

Chain of carbons, hydroxyl groups and one carbonyl group.

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6
Q

Which bond is formed when the hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide is reacted with an OH or NH group?

A

Glycosidic bond

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7
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides joined by an O-glycosidic bond

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8
Q

How many monosaccharides do oligosaccharides contain?

A

3-12

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9
Q

How many monosaccharides do polysaccharides contain?

A

Thousands

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10
Q

What glycosidic bonds does glycogen have?

A

Alpha 1,4

Alpha 1,6

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11
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

Straight carbon chains with a methyl group and a carboxyl group

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12
Q

What are triglycerides made of?

A

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

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13
Q

What are unsaturated C-C bonds?

A

Double bonds

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14
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

Nitrogenous base + a sugar

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15
Q

Which sugar is found in RNA?

A

Ribose

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16
Q

Which sugar is found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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17
Q

Name the purines

A

Adenine

Thymine

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18
Q

Name the pyrimidines

A

Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

19
Q

Name the bonds between nitrogenous bases and within the sugar backbone of nucleotides.

A

Bases = hydrogen bonds

Sugar backbone = phosphodiester bonds

20
Q

How do the nitrogenous bases pair up?

A

A+T
A+U
C+G

21
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

22
Q

What is an amino acid made of?

A

Carbon with an amino group, carboxyl group and a side chain.

23
Q

Which part of the amino acid determines polarity?

A

Side chain

24
Q

How are peptide bonds formed?

A

By a condensation reaction (H20 is released) between a carboxyl group and amino group

25
Q

How are proteins are formed?

A

By linking a chain of 10-1000s amino acids by peptide bonds. Function is entirely dependent on structure

26
Q

What are the properties of peptide bonds?

A

Very stable

Cleaved by proteolytic enzymes

27
Q

What does the primary structure of a protein consist of?

A

Amino acid chain (<50)

28
Q

What is the secondary protein structure?

A

Formation of alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

29
Q

What is the tertiary protein structure?

A

Overall 2D conformation of a protein. Bonds involved include ionic, disulphide bridges and Van der Waal forces.

30
Q

What is the quaternary protein structure?

A

3D structure of a protein composed of multiple subunits.

31
Q

Which forces hold proteins together?

A

Van der Waals. Weak force.

32
Q

Which bond is found between polar groups?

A

Hydrogen bonds

33
Q

List the factors that effect the rate of reaction.

A 
Temperature 
PH
Concentration of reactants 
Surface area of solid reactant 
Pressure of gaseous reactant
34
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts. Type of protein.

35
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

By providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. They bind to substrates and convert them to products.

36
Q

How are enzymes regulated?

A

By altering the concentration of substrates, and products

37
Q

What is the name given to enzymes which have a different structure but catalyse the same reaction?

A

Isoenzyme

38
Q

Enzymes work at specific temperatures and PHs. What happens if enzymes are exposed outside of this range?

A

They become denatured

39
Q

Which molecules aid enzymes but cannot catalyse a reaction themselves?

A

Coenzymes

40
Q

Name two proteins that carry oxygen which have the same tertiary structure.

A

Haemoglobin and myoglobin

41
Q

Where does oxygen bind to in haemoglobin?

A

Iron (can be seen as a coenzyme)

42
Q

Which factors effect haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

A

Temperature, H+ and partial pressure of CO2

43
Q

What do antibodies bind to?

A

Antigens. This is specific binding. They are bound by the variable domain of the antibody.

IMMS (12 decks)

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