Molecular Building Blocks Flashcards
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
Cn(H20)n
What is lactose made of?
Glucose + galactose
What is sucrose made of?
Glucose + fructose
What does glucose + glucose make?
Maltose
What are monosaccharides made of?
Chain of carbons, hydroxyl groups and one carbonyl group.
Which bond is formed when the hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide is reacted with an OH or NH group?
Glycosidic bond
What is a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides joined by an O-glycosidic bond
How many monosaccharides do oligosaccharides contain?
3-12
How many monosaccharides do polysaccharides contain?
Thousands
What glycosidic bonds does glycogen have?
Alpha 1,4
Alpha 1,6
What are lipids made of?
Straight carbon chains with a methyl group and a carboxyl group
What are triglycerides made of?
3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
What are unsaturated C-C bonds?
Double bonds
What are nucleotides made of?
Nitrogenous base + a sugar
Which sugar is found in RNA?
Ribose
Which sugar is found in DNA?
Deoxyribose
Name the purines
Adenine
Thymine
Name the pyrimidines
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
Name the bonds between nitrogenous bases and within the sugar backbone of nucleotides.
Bases = hydrogen bonds
Sugar backbone = phosphodiester bonds
How do the nitrogenous bases pair up?
A+T
A+U
C+G
How many amino acids are there?
20
What is an amino acid made of?
Carbon with an amino group, carboxyl group and a side chain.
Which part of the amino acid determines polarity?
Side chain
How are peptide bonds formed?
By a condensation reaction (H20 is released) between a carboxyl group and amino group
How are proteins are formed?
By linking a chain of 10-1000s amino acids by peptide bonds. Function is entirely dependent on structure
What are the properties of peptide bonds?
Very stable
Cleaved by proteolytic enzymes
What does the primary structure of a protein consist of?
Amino acid chain (<50)
What is the secondary protein structure?
Formation of alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.
What is the tertiary protein structure?
Overall 2D conformation of a protein. Bonds involved include ionic, disulphide bridges and Van der Waal forces.
What is the quaternary protein structure?
3D structure of a protein composed of multiple subunits.
Which forces hold proteins together?
Van der Waals. Weak force.
Which bond is found between polar groups?
Hydrogen bonds
List the factors that effect the rate of reaction.
Temperature PH Concentration of reactants Surface area of solid reactant Pressure of gaseous reactant
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts. Type of protein.
How do enzymes work?
By providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. They bind to substrates and convert them to products.
How are enzymes regulated?
By altering the concentration of substrates, and products
What is the name given to enzymes which have a different structure but catalyse the same reaction?
Isoenzyme
Enzymes work at specific temperatures and PHs. What happens if enzymes are exposed outside of this range?
They become denatured
Which molecules aid enzymes but cannot catalyse a reaction themselves?
Coenzymes
Name two proteins that carry oxygen which have the same tertiary structure.
Haemoglobin and myoglobin
Where does oxygen bind to in haemoglobin?
Iron (can be seen as a coenzyme)
Which factors effect haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?
Temperature, H+ and partial pressure of CO2
What do antibodies bind to?
Antigens. This is specific binding. They are bound by the variable domain of the antibody.
