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IMMS > ATP > Flashcards

ATP Flashcards

1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

What is ATP used for?

A

Energy utilisation

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3
Q

What is ADP + Pi used for?

A

Respiration

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4
Q

Which sugar is in ATP?

A

Ribose

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5
Q

Which bond is found in ATP?

A

2 Phosphoanhydride bonds

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6
Q

What is produced when the 2 Phosphoanhydride bonds are hydrolysed?

A

First bond = ADP

Second bond = AMP

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7
Q

How does ATP provide energy?

A

A small amount of energy is needed to break the phosphate bonds. In the hydrolysis, energy is released. The output energy is greater than the input.

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8
Q

List the processes that generate ATP.

A 
Glycolysis 
Kreb's cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation 
Substrate level phosphorylation 
Electron transport chain 
Beta oxidation
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9
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol of cytoplasm

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10
Q

Is oxygen required for glycolysis?

A

No, glycolysis can take place in anaerobic conditions

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11
Q

Give the simplified reaction of glycolysis.

A

Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ > 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H20

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12
Q

What does the kinase enzyme do?

A

Adds/removes a phosphate group

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13
Q

What does the isomerase enzyme do?

A

Rearranges the structure of a substrate without changing the molecular formula.

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14
Q

What does the aldolase enzyme do?

A

Creates or breaks down carbon-carbon bonds.

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15
Q

What does the dehyrogenase enzyme do?

A

Moves H+ to an electron acceptor

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16
Q

What does the enolase enzyme do?

A

Produces a carbon=carbon double bond by removing an OH group

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17
Q

In anaerobic conditions, what is pyruvate converted to?

A

Lactate

18
Q

Give the simplified reaction of glucose to lactate.

A

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi > 2 Lactate + 2 ATP + 2 H2O

19
Q

What is the fate of lactate?

A
  1. Some is released into the blood and taken up by the heart & brain to be converted back to pyruvate for energy
  2. Some is taken up by the liver to be uses as a precursor for the formation of glucose
20
Q

Why is glycolysis inhibited by acidosis?

A

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is PH dependent and is inhibited by acidic conditions.

21
Q

What effect does AMP have on PFK-1?

A

AMP is an allosteric activator. It modifies the active site of PFK-1 which undergoes a conformational change. This increases PFk-1’s affinity for fructose-6-phosphate.

22
Q

What effect does ATP have on PFK-1?

A

ATP is an allosteric inhibitor. Modifies active site of PFK-1 so that its affinity for the substrate decreases.

23
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix.

24
Q

Give the simplified reaction of the Kreb’s cycle.

A

Acetyl CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + ADP + Pi + 2H2O > 2CO2 + CoA + 3 NADH +
3H+ + FADH2 + GTP + ATP

25
Q

How is acetyl CoA made?

A

From pyruvate or the beta-oxidation of fatty acids

26
Q

Is oxygen required for the Kreb’s cycle to take place?

A

Yes, aerobic conditions are needed.

27
Q

Where does oxidation of fatty acids take place?

A

Mitochondria

28
Q

Give the equation for fatty acid activation.

A

Fatty acid + ATP + CoA > Acyl-CoA + PPi (pyrophosphate) + AMP

29
Q

Which molecule must Acyl CoA be converted to in order to pass through the outer mitochondrial membrane?

A

Acyl carnitine

30
Q

What is the carnitine shuttle?

A

The process of acyl carnitine being converted back to acycl CoA in the mitochondria. The carnitine then diffuses out of the membrane to convert more acyl CoA to acyl carnitine

31
Q

What are the products of one round of beta-oxidation?

A

1 mol of NADH, 1 mol of FADH2 + 1 mol of acetyl CoA

32
Q

How much ATP is produced from 1 mol of 18-carbon fatty acid?

A

146 moles

33
Q

How much ATP is produced from 1 mol of glucose?

A

38 moles

34
Q

Why aren’t fatty acids uses as a fuel source for the nervous system?

A

They cannot get through the blood-brain barrier.

35
Q

Name a fatty acid.

A

Oleic acid, palmitic acid

36
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

37
Q

How does the electron transport chain work?

A

Two electrons from hydrogen atoms are transferred from NADH+, H+ or FADH2 to one of the proteins in the electron transport chain. They are transferred to oxygen to make water. This process regenerates the hydrogen free forms of NAD & FAD which become available to accept two more hydrogens from intermediates in the Kreb’s cycle.

38
Q

What is the energy released from transferring electrons between proteins down the transport chain used for?

A

Cytochromes pump hydrogen ions from the matrix into the intermembranal space. Creates a hydrogen ion concentration gradient.

39
Q

What do hydrogen ions flow through from the membrane to the matrix of the mitochondria? What is the energy released used for?

A

ATP synthase channels. They move by chemiosmosis. The energy released is converted to chemical bond energy to catalyse the formation of ATP from ADP + Pi.

40
Q

What is the overall reaction for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38 ADP + 38 Pi > 6CO2 + 6H20 + 34-38 ATP

IMMS (12 decks)

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