Cells

Question 1

Which stain is used to stain acidic things blue?

Answer 1

Haematoxylin

Question 2

Which stain is used to stain alkaline things pink?

Answer 2

Eosin

Question 3

Which parts of the cell does haematoxylin stain blue?

Answer 3

Cell nuclei and RNA

Question 4

Which parts of the cell does eosin stain pink?

Answer 4

Cytoplasm and. colloidal proteins

Question 5

Which parts of the cell does eosin stain orange/red?

Answer 5

Keratin

Question 6

Does fat stain?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

Name some structures that alcian blue stains blue.

Answer 7

1. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) rich structures e.g. connective tissue
2. Goblet cells
3. Mast cell granules
4. Cartilage matrix

Question 8

Which structures does iron haematoxylin stain black?

Answer 8

Nuclei and elastic fibres

Question 9

What colour does periodic acid schiff stain magenta?

Answer 9

Hexose sugars

Question 10

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 10

1. Brain of the cell

2. Houses DNA as chromatin within the nucleolus

Question 11

Is the nucleus double membraned?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 12

Site of oxidative phosphorylation

Question 13

Is the mitochondria doubled membraned?

Answer 13

Yes, the inner membrane is highly folded

Question 14

What are the functions of the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria?

Answer 14

Outer membrane: Lipid synthesis, fatty acid metabolism

Inner membrane: Electron transport, ATP production

Question 15

What is the function of the matrix of the mitochondria?

Answer 15

Site of Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Kreb’s)

Question 16

What is the function of the intramembranous space of the mitochondria?

Answer 16

Site of nucleotide phosphorylation (ADP to ATP)

Question 17

What is the function of the RER?

Answer 17

Site of protein synthesis

Question 18

What is the function of the SER?

Answer 18

1. Site of membrane lipid synthesis

2. Processes and stores synthesised proteins

Question 19

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 19

Processes and modifies macromolecules

Question 20

Name the 3 parts of the Golgi apparatus.

Answer 20

Cis golgi - protein phosphorylation
Medial golgi - adds sugars to products
Trans golgi - proteolysis of peptides into active forms

Question 21

What is the function of vesicles?

Answer 21

Transport and store material

Question 22

Which vesicles contain digestive enzymes?

Answer 22

Lysosomes

Question 23

Which process are peroxisomes used for?

Answer 23

Beta oxidation. Fatty acids are broken down into carbon fragments used for generating ATP

Question 24

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 24

Brace internal structure of cell. Maintains shape and internal organisation

Question 25

What are microfilaments made of?

Answer 25

Actin

Question 26

What are microtubules made of?

Answer 26

Tubulin

Question 27

Which storage molecule has an orange-brown pigment and is common in the heart and liver?

Answer 27

Lipofuscin

Question 28

Where is lipid stored?

Answer 28

Adipocytes and liver

Question 29

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 29

Liver and muscles

Question 30

What is the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes made up of?

Answer 30

Glycolipids: Communication Glycoproteins: Cell to cell recognition + act as receptors Cholesterol: Maintains fluidity in membrane

Question 31

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

Answer 31

1. Acts as a selective barrier to the passage of molecules. | 2. Acts as a barrier to the outside environment

Question 32

What is the function of an adherens junction?

Answer 32

Joins actin bundles in one cell to another cell, keeping cells together

Question 33

How do intermediate filaments enable cell to cell adhesion?

Answer 33

Via desmosomes

Question 34

What do hemidesmosomes do?

Answer 34

Anchor intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

Question 35

Which energetic process engulfs molecules into a cell?

Answer 35

Endocytosis

Question 36

Which cells implement phagocytosis?

Answer 36

Neutrophils and macrophages

Question 37

How does exocytosis work?

Answer 37

Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus fuse with the cell surface membrane. Expulsion of waste/enzymes/hormones.

Question 38

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 38

Movement of solutes from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through protein channels.

Question 39

What is passive diffusion?

Answer 39

Movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, down the concentration gradient.

Question 40

What is active transport?

Answer 40

Movement of solutes from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration against the concentration gradient. ATP is required.

Question 41

What do tyrosine kinase receptors do?

Answer 41

Transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a protein in the cell. Acts as an on/off switch.