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IMMS > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of communication involves chemicals being released from the cell into extracellular fluid and then acting on the same cell itself?

A

Autocrine

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2
Q

Which type of communication involves chemical messengers between cells - short distances?

A

Paracrine

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3
Q

Which type of communication involves hormones travelling long distances between cells?

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

What is exocrine communication?

A

Hormones are secreted into ducts then into the organ.

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5
Q

What is the key difference between endocrine and paracrine communication?

A

Hormones travel in the blood when endocrine and in extracellular fluid when paracrine.

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6
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

Amplification of a signal.

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7
Q

Give an example of a positive feedback loop.

A

Oxytocin release in childbirth.

Clotting cascade

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8
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

When a high levels of an output are fed back to the hypothalamus/pituitary gland to reduce the output itself.

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9
Q

Which organ causes primary hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroid - produces little thyroxine so TSH levels keep increasing as pituitary doesn’t think there is enough thyroxine in the blood.

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10
Q

Which organ causes secondary hypothyroidism?

A

Pituitary/hypothalamus - pituitary is not producing enough TSH so there is little thyroxine.

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11
Q

Name 3 types of hormone.

A

Peptide
Steroid
Amino-acid derivative

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12
Q

What are peptide hormones made of?

A

Short chain amino acids. Fast acting.

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13
Q

How do peptide hormones enter the cell?

A

Cannot diffuse across so have to bind to receptors on membrane and 2nd messenger is released.

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14
Q

Name a peptide hormone.

A

Insulin, ADH, GH

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15
Q

What are steroid hormones made of?

A

Cholesterol. Slow acting as directly affects DNA.

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16
Q

How do steroid hormones enter the cell?

A

They diffuse into the cell

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17
Q

Name a steroid hormone.

A

Testosterone, cortisol, oestrogen

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18
Q

What are amino acid hormones made of?

A

Derived from tyrosine

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19
Q

Name an amino acid derivative hormone.

A

Adrenaline, T4, T3

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20
Q

What is the predominant electrolyte in ICF?

A

K+

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21
Q

What are the predominant electrolytes in ECF?

A

Na+, Cl-, CO3, Ca2+

22
Q

Which fluid surrounds cells but does not circulate?

A

Interstitial fluid

23
Q

What is the total body water volume? How much is ICF and ECF?

A 
Total = 42L, 60% of body weight 
ICF = 28L, 40% of body weight
ECF = 14L, 20% of body weight
24
Q

Of ECF, how much is interstitial fluid, plasma and transcellular fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid = 10L
Plasma = 3L
Transcellular = 1L

25
Q

Name insensible losses of water.

A

Sweat, breath, vomiting, faeces

26
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Net movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential.

27
Q

What is osmolality?

A

Number of solutes per kg of fluid

28
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Number of solutes per L of fluid

29
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure applied to a solution by pure solvent

30
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by protein

31
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure difference between capillary and interstitial fluid.

32
Q

Which receptors detect water potential of ECF?

A

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

33
Q

Which hormone is released in response to decreased water in ECF?

A

Renin from juxtaglomerular cells in kidney. Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. This is converted to angiotensin II by ACE, triggering release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex. Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption which pulls water into ECF.

34
Q

List causes of dehydration.

A

Vomiting, diarrhoea, sweating, diabetes insipidus (too little ADH produced).

35
Q

What is oedema?

A

Excess water in intercellular tissue space.

36
Q

Name the 3 causes of oedema.

A

Inflammatory
Venous
Lymphatic

37
Q

Describe inflammatory oedema.

A

Proteins leak out due to increased permeability, pulling in water.

38
Q

How is venous oedema caused?

A

Due to increased venous pressure or venous obstruction from a thrombus.

39
Q

How is lymphatic oedema caused?

A

Obstructions from a tumour/parasite.

40
Q

What is the clinical term for high sodium?

A

Hypernatraemia

41
Q

What are the consequences of hypernatraemia?

A

Cerebral intracellular dehydration. Water moves from intra-cell to extra-cell

42
Q

What is the clinical term for low sodium?

A

Hyponatraemia

43
Q

What are the consequences of hyponatraemia?

A

Intracellular over hydration

44
Q

What is the clinical term for high potassium?

A

Hyperkalaemia

45
Q

What are the consequences of hyperkalaemia?

A

Risk of myocardial infarction as high K+ disrupt resting potential generated for heart contraction

46
Q

What is the clinical term for low potassium?

A

Hypokalaemia

47
Q

What are the consequences of hypokalaemia?

A

Weakness and cardiac dysrhythmia (abnormal heat beat)

48
Q

What is the clinical term for high calcium?

A

Hypercalcaemia

49
Q

What are the consequences of hypercalcaemia?

A

Metastatic calcification i.e. stones and kidney stones

50
Q

What is the clinical term for low calcium?

A

Hypocalcaemia

51
Q

What are the consequences of hypocalcaemia?

A

Tetany (spasms of the hands and feet)

IMMS (12 decks)

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