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IMMS > Molecular Building Blocks > Flashcards

Molecular Building Blocks Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic building blocks in atoms

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Phosphate

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2
Q

What are macromolecules

A

Macromolecules are simple molecules such like sugars, lipids and amino acids bonded to form bigger complex molecules

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3
Q

What are some examples of macromolecules

A

Haemoglobin
DNA
Glycogen
Collagen

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4
Q

What are monosaccharides composed of

A

One hydroxyl group
If it is an aldose it will have an aldehyde group
If it is a ketose it will have a ketone group
They are usually a ring structure

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5
Q

How is a glycosidic bond formed

A

A glycosidic bond is formed by the OH of the hydroxyl group reacting with either a OH or NH group

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6
Q

What do O-glycosidic bonds form

A

Disaccharides
Oligosccharides
Polysaccharides

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7
Q

Where would you find an N-glycosidic bond

A

Nucleotides in DNA

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8
Q

What do disaccharides contain

A

2 monosaccharides which are joined by an O-glycosidic bond

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9
Q

What does an oligosaccharide contain

A

3 to 12 monosaccharides joined by O-glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

Where do oligosaccharides come from

A

They are either a product of digestion from a polysaccharide or part of a complex protein or lipid

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11
Q

How are polysaccharides formed

A

Thousands of monosaccharides bonded by O-glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

What is an example of a polysaccharide

A

Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide formed of glucose residues

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13
Q

What are nucleotides

A

Building blocks of DNA

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14
Q

What are nucleotides made up of

A

Nitrogenous base
Sugar
Phosphate

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15
Q

What are the bonds between the bases

A

Hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

What are the bonds between the phosphate and sugars molecules

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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17
Q

What are the sources of energy in nucleotides

A

Phosphate bonds

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18
Q

What is a triglyceride made up of

A

3 fatty acids bound to glycerol

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19
Q

What does unsaturated fatty acids contain that saturated fatty acids don’t

A

A double bond

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20
Q

How are amino acids linked together

A

Peptide bonds

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21
Q

What is a protein

A

A large polypeptide formed of 10s and 1000s amino acids

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22
Q

What is the function of a protein

A

The function of a protein depends solely on the structure of the protein

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23
Q

What is a primary structure of a protein

A

A linear sequence of amino acids

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24
Q

What are secondary structure of a protein

A

Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet which is formed due to H+ bonds between the amino acids which is determined by local interactions between side chains and the sequence of amino acids

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25
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

A 3D conformation of a protein which can be changed by temperature of pH

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26
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein

A

A full 3D structure of a protein with multiple subunits

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27
Q

What are the different forces that can be found in protein structures

A

Van de waals forces
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrophobic forces
Ionic bonds
Disulphide bonds

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28
Q

What are van der waals forces

A

They are weak attractive/repulsive force between all atoms due to fluctuating electrical charge

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29
Q

What are hydrogen bonds

A

Interactions between polar groups

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30
Q

What are hydrophobic forces

A

As uncharged and non-polar side chains are repelled by water, hydrophobic side chains form tightly packed cores in the interior of proteins, excluding water molecules

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31
Q

What are ionic bonds

A

They are found between fully/partially charged groups

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32
Q

What are disulphide bonds

A

Very strong covalent bonds between sulphur atoms

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33
Q

What are amino acids

A

Building blocks of proteins

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34
Q

How many amino acids are there in total

A

20 amino acids

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35
Q

What are amino acids made up of

A

Amino acids are made up of carbon with amino group, carboxyl group and a specific side chain

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36
Q

What is the charge of an amino acid determined by

A

The charge is determined by its 3 components along with the pH of the environment

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37
Q

What does the side chain determine in an amino acid

A

The side chain determines polarity and so determines solubility and permeability

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38
Q

How is a peptide bond formed

A

Through a condensation reaction

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39
Q

What are properties of amino acids

A

Very stable
Cleaved by proteolytic enzymes
Can have partial double bonds
Flexibility around the C atoms
Usually one preferred conformation determined mainly by types of side chains and amino acid sequence

40
Q

What is a catalyst

A

Provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy

41
Q

What is the function of a catalyst

A

A catalyst enables reactions to occur that otherwise would not be able to occur at physiological temperatures and conditions
They speed up reactions and provide a way to regulate the reaction

42
Q

How do catalysts regulate reactions

A

They alter the concentrations of substrates, products, inhibitors and activators
The rate of reaction can also be regulated by modifying the enzyme itself through phosphorylation

43
Q

What are isoenzymes

A

Enzymes that have a different structure and sequence but catalyse the same reaction

44
Q

What are coenzyme

A

These are enzymes which in them self cannot catalyse a reaction but can help enzymes To do so, they bind with enzyme protein molecules to form active enzymes

45
Q

What are simple sugars made up of

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

46
Q

What are complex sugars made up of

A

Long chains of simple sugars bonded together

47
Q

How many sugar molecules are in monosaccharides

A

1 sugar

48
Q

How many sugar molecules are in disaccharides

A

2 sugars

49
Q

How many sugars are there in oligosaccharides

A

3-9 sugars

50
Q

How many sugar molecules are in polysaccharides

A

10+ sugars

51
Q

What is the most important monosaccharide and why

A

Glucose
It is the main source of energy for the body and it is able to cross the blood brain barrier to nourish the brain

52
Q

What is lactose made up of

A

Glucose and galactose

53
Q

What is sucrose made up of

A

Glucose and fructose

54
Q

What is maltose made up of

A

2 glucose molecules

55
Q

What is glacto-oligosaccharides made up of

A

Long chains of galactose bonded together

56
Q

What is a structural characteristic of polysaccharides

A

Branched

57
Q

What is a common polysaccharide found in food

A

Starches

58
Q

What is a characteristic of dietary fibres

A

They cannot be broken down by intestinal enzymes

59
Q

What is the function of dietary fibres

A

They slow down absorption of simple sugars which helps to maintain blood glucose
They decrease constipation
Dietary fibres such as beta-glucan is good for heart health

60
Q

What is a glycosidic bond

A

This a bond formed between two monosaccharides and how complex sugars are made
This bond happens between the OH of one molecule and H on the other molecule, this forms a water molecule which is removed and is known as a condensation reaction

61
Q

How does an alpha-glycosidic and beta-glycosidic bond differ

A

The alpha-glycosidic done the molecules are lined up whereas in a beta-glycosidic bond the molecules are stacked on top of each other due to the different carbon molecules which are bonding

62
Q

How can sugars be absorbed for use

A

The disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are broken down by enzymes in the digestive track into monosaccharides so they can be absorbed into the blood stream for use in the body

63
Q

What enzyme breaks down most polysaccharides

A

Amylase

64
Q

What breaks down lactose

A

Lactase

65
Q

What breaks down sucrose

A

Sucrase

66
Q

What breaks down maltose

A

Maltase

67
Q

What is the structure of DNA and what is its function

A

Double stranded wound into an alpha helix
Found inside the nucleus
Which stores the genetic information of the cell

68
Q

What is the structure of RNA and what is its function

A

RNA is a single stranded molecule found outside the nucleus
Which is involved in protein synthesis

69
Q

How does DNA become a protein

A

DNA
Transcription
RNA
Translation
Protein

70
Q

What are both DNA and RNA made up of

A

They are both polymers so are made up of long chains of monomers

71
Q

What is the monomer of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotide

72
Q

What is the basis of a nucleotide

A

Sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group

73
Q

What makes up a DNA nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group

74
Q

What nitrogenous bases can be found in DNA and what bonds to what

A

Adenine bonds with thymine
Guanine bonds with cytosine

75
Q

What makes up an RNA nucleotide

A

Ribose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group

76
Q

What nitrogenous bases can be found in a RNA nucleotide and what bonds with what

A

Adenine bonds with uracil
Guanine bonds with cytosine

77
Q

What is the bonds found between the nitrogenous base pairs and how many bonds between each

A

There are hydrogen bonds found between the nitrogenous bonds
Adenine to either thymine or uracil contains 2 hydrogen bonds
Guanine to cytosine contains 3 hydrogen bonds

78
Q

What is the bond between the sugar and the phosphate group called

A

Phosphodiester bond

79
Q

What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases

A

Purines and pyrimidines

80
Q

What are the differences between purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines have a double ring structure made up of a 6 carbon sugar with a 5 carbon sugar
Pyrimidines have a single ring structure made up of a 6 carbon sugar

81
Q

What nitrogenous bases fall under the purines and which fall under pyrimidines

A

Purines are adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines are thymine, uracil and cytosine

82
Q

What is a lipid

A

It is a macromolecule made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen

83
Q

What are fatty acids made up of

A

Hydrocarbon chain and a functional carboxyl group

84
Q

What does it mean if a fatty acid is saturated

A

This means that every single carbon is attached to and making the maximum amount of bonds it is able to make with hydrogen atoms

85
Q

Why are saturated fatty acids solid at room temp

A

They are solid at room temp as they are saturated so form a linear unit which is able to stack tightly making them a solid at room temp

86
Q

What is a monounsaturated fatty acid

A

This is a fatty acid that has 1 double bond present between 2 carbon atoms so it means that not all the carbon are making the maximum number of bonds they could with hydrogen atoms

87
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

This is a fatty acid chain that has multiple double bonds within the chain which means there are multiple carbon atoms which are fully saturated and could make more bonds with hydrogen

88
Q

Why are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids liquid at room temp

A

They are both liquid at room temp as the double bonds in the fatty acid chain causes a kink in the chain which means they are unable to stack properly and so are liquid at room temp

89
Q

How does the body store fatty acids and how does it do it

A

The body is unable to store fatty acids as they are due to the chain been too long so they carboxyl group is removed and the hydrocarbon chain is bonded with a glycerol, this glycerol can bond with 3 fatty acid chains which then forms a triglyceride and is stored as fat in the body

90
Q

What is the polymer of amino acids called

A

Polypeptide chain

91
Q

How are amino acids bonded

A

Peptide bonds

92
Q

What is an amino acid made up of

A

Central carbon atom which is bonded to a hydrogen atom, a carboxylic group, an amino group and a side chain which is unique to each amino acid

93
Q

What are non-essential amino acids

A

These are amino acids we can get from food and make ourself

94
Q

What are conditionally essential amino acids

A

Healthy bodies are able to make them

95
Q

What are essential amino acids

A

These are amino acids that we cannot make ourself and rely on getting them from food

96
Q

How do we get essential amino acids from dietary proteins

A

Through proteolysis

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