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IMMS > Communication And Homeostasis > Flashcards

Communication And Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of communication, how do they work and examples of each

A

Autocrine - messenger molecules bind with receptors in the cell where they are produced = chemical messengers
Paracrine - messengers in the extra cellular fluid = clotting factors
Endocrine - secretions into the blood = insulin
Exocrine - secretions into the duct all system to an epithelial surface = ovaries and testes are stimulated by hormones produced by the brain

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2
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Amplification of signalling

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3
Q

What is negative feedback

A

The basis of homeostasis

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4
Q

What is an example of positive feedback

A

Clotting cascade

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5
Q

What is an example of negative feedback

A

Majority of endocrine hormones

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6
Q

What are hormones

A

They are molecules which act as chemical messengers

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones

A

Peptide
Steroid
Amino-acid derivative

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8
Q

What are peptide hormones made of

A

Peptide hormones are made from short chain amino acids

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9
Q

Where are peptide hormone stored

A

They are stored in the cell and the released when are needed/signalled

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10
Q

How does a peptide hormone work

A

They bind to receptors on the membrane

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11
Q

What do peptide hormones produce

A

They produce a quick response via a secondary messenger cascade

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12
Q

What are examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin
Growth hormone
TSH
ADH

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13
Q

Where are steroid hormones synthesised from

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

What are the properties of steroid hormones

A

They are water insoluble
Lipid soluble
So they can cross membranes but they require transport
They require transport proteins in the blood

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15
Q

What happens to a steroid hormone once it is made

A

A steroid hormone is made within the cell but then diffuses out of the cell once made, so isn’t stored there

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16
Q

How does a steroid hormone work

A

A steroid hormone can directly affect DNA and alters transcription/translation

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17
Q

What are examples of steroid hormones

A

Testosterone
Oestrogen
Cortisol

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18
Q

Where are amino-acid derivative hormones synthesised from

A

They are synthesised from tyrosine

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19
Q

How do amino-acid derivatives work

A

They work in the same way peptide hormones work

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20
Q

What are examples of amino-acid derivatives

A

Adrenaline
Thyroid hormones T3+T4

21
Q

Describe the body fluid compartments

A

Total volume is 60% of a persons body weight = approx 42L
This is split between extracellular (14L) and intracellular (28L) fluid
Extracellular fluid is split into extra vascular fluid (11L) and intravascular fluid (3L)
Extravascular fluid is then split into interstitial fluid (10.5L) and trans cellular fluid (0.5L)

22
Q

What is osmosis

A

The net movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane to a higher solute concentration

23
Q

What is osmolality

A

Concentration of solutes in plasma per kg of solution

24
Q

What is osmolality

A

Concentration of solutes in plasma per kg of solvent

25
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

Pressure applied to a solution by a pure solvent required to prevent inward osmosis through a semi permeable membrane

26
Q

What is oncotic pressure

A

Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins that tend to pull fluid into it solution
Water moves from ISF into plasma

27
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure differences between capillary blood and interstitial fluid
Water and solutes move from plasma to ISF

28
Q

What creates an osmotic gradient across cell membranes

A

Osmotically active substances(solutes) in the ICF(potassium) and ECF(sodium, chloride, glucose, urea) create an osmotic gradient

29
Q

What is the predominant electrolytes in the extracellular fluid

A

Na+
Cl-
HCO3-
Ca2+
Urea
Glucose

30
Q

What is the predominant electrolyte in the intracelluar fluid

A

K+

31
Q

What is intravascular fluid

A

Plasma/ circulating extracellular component of blood

32
Q

What is interstitial fluid

A

Fluid which surrounds cells but does not circulate

33
Q

What is transcellular fluid

A

Trans cellular fluid makes up CSF, digestive juices and mucus

34
Q

How is water intake achieved

A

Drinking
Diet
IV fluids

35
Q

How is water lost

A

Through kidneys/urine

36
Q

What hormones regulate water loss

A

ADH
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide

37
Q

What cause dehydration

A

Water deprivation
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Burns
Heavy sweating
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus
Drugs

38
Q

What does dehydration cause

A

Thirst
Inelastic skin
Sunken eyes
Raised haematocrit
Weight loss
Hypotension

39
Q

What can cause someone to have excess water

A

High intake of water
Decreased loss of water
Excess ADH

40
Q

What consequences can be caused by excess water

A

Hyponatremia (low sodium levels)
Cerebral over perfusion which causes headache, confusion and convulsions

41
Q

What is serous effusion

A

Excess water in the body cavity

42
Q

What is oedema

A

Excess water in the intercellular tissue space

43
Q

What is hypernatremia

A

High sodium levels

44
Q

What is hyponatriemia

A

Low sodium levels

45
Q

What is hyperkalaemia

A

High potassium

46
Q

What is hypokalemia

A

Low potassium levels

47
Q

What is hypercalcaemia

A

High calcium levels

48
Q

What is hypocalcaemia

A

Low calcium levels

49
Q

What is the difference between endoderm and ectotherm

A

Endoderm is able to regulate their own body temperatures by producing or decreasing the amount of heat
Ectotherm relies on the external environment to regulate their bodies temperature

IMMS (7 decks)

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