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IMMS > Cell Ultrastructure > Flashcards

Cell Ultrastructure Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest membrane bound organelle
Storage and transmission of genetic information
Information within the DNA synthesises the protein for structures and functions of the cell
Double membrane= nuclear envelope which has nuclear pores
RNA moves through nuclear pores
DNA + Proteins = chromatin

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2
Q

What is chromatin

A

Dense mass of genetic material

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3
Q

What happens to chromatin at cell division

A

It becomes chromosomes through condensing

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4
Q

Where is the site of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria and what is each of its functions

A

Outer membrane = lipid synthesis + fatty acid metabolism
Inner membrane = respiratory chain for electron transport
Matrix = kerbs
Intramembranous space = nucleotide synthesis ADP to ATP

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus and where is it located

A

Parallel stacks of membrane
It is located close to the nucleus but usually cannot be seen only seen in plasma cells

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7
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Processes and modifies macromolecules synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

What are the 3 parts that make up the Golgi apparatus and what are there individual functions

A

Cis-golgi = nuclear facing, protein phosphorylation, receives from the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Medial = forms complex oligosaccharides by adding sugars to lipids and peptides
Trans-golgi = proteolysis of peptides into active forms and store molecules in the Golgi vesicles which bud from the surface

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Highly folded membrane
Rough surface due to ribosomes attached to the surface

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10
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Protein synthesis

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Highly folded membrane

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12
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis
Proteases and stored synthesised proteins

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13
Q

Describe the structure of a ribosome

A

2 subunits attached together
Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes

A

Large catalyst
Translates genetic code into chains of amino acids
Deposits the protein into the endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

What happens in the cytoplasm

A

Site of glycolysis

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16
Q

What are the 3 components of cytoplasm

A

Cytoskeleton with associated motor proteins
Organelles with other multi protein complexes
Cytoplasmic inclusions and dissolved solutes

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17
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

It is the fluid that fills the cell but isn’t in the nucleus

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18
Q

What are vesicles and what are there functions

A

Vesicles are spherical membrane bound organelles which are able to transport and store materials and exchange between different compartments
Examples of vesicles- cell surface derived, Golgi-derived

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19
Q

What is the function of the vacuole

A

Hold various solutions or materials

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20
Q

What is a vacuole

A

Chamber surrounded by a membrane which is semi-permeable so only lets certain molecules in and out

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21
Q

Where is the nucleolus found

A

In the nucleus

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22
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus

A

Site of DNA transcription
Forms ribosomal RNA

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23
Q

Describe the structure of a plasma membrane

A

Double layer of lipids with hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail
Contains proteins and lipids

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24
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane

A

Controls passages of molecules
Physical barrier
Selective permeability
Endo/exocytosis
Cell signalling

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25
Q

What are the components of a plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Membrane proteins
Carbohydrate groups

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26
Q

What makes up a phospholipid

A

Glycerol
2 fatty acid tails
Phosphate head linked head group

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27
Q

Where do microtubles arise from and what is an example

A

They arise from centromeres
Example- tubulin

28
Q

Where are microtubles found

A

They are found in all cells except red blood cells

29
Q

What is an example of a micro filament

A

Actin

30
Q

What are centrosomes made from

A

They are made from 2 centrioles

31
Q

What is the functions of centrosomes

A

Organise microtubles
Provide structure for the cell
Pull chromatids apart during cell division

32
Q

Where do lysosomes come from

A

They are derived from the golgi

33
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A

They contain digestive enzymes
Site of breakdown for most molecules

34
Q

What are the different types of cell junctions

A

Tight junctions
Adherens
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Hemi-Desmosomes

35
Q

What are tight junctions

A

They seal neighbouring cells together in an epithelial sheet to stop leakage

36
Q

What are adherens

A

Joins an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in another cell

37
Q

What are demosomes

A

Join the intermediate filaments in one cell to them of a neighbouring cell

38
Q

What are gap junctions

A

Allows passage of small water soluble ions and molecules

39
Q

What are hemisphere-desmosomes

A

They anchor intermediate filaments in a cells to the basal lamina

40
Q

What are endosomes

A

They are membrane bound vesicular and tubular structures that live between golgi and membrane

41
Q

What are peroxisomes

A

They are small membrane bound organelles which contain enzymes which oxidase long chains of fatty acids

42
Q

What are peroxisomes involved in

A

They are involved in the process where fatty acid chains are broken down to make ATP

43
Q

What does the Nucleus contain and what are each individuals function

A

Nuclear envelope
- made up of 2 layers -outer layer and inner layer
-inner layer = protein lamins which binds to DNA and controls cell division
-outer layer = made up of ribosomes

Nuclear pores
-allows for transportation of ions between the nucleus and the cytoplasm + cytoplasm into the nucleus

Chromatin
-made up of DNA and proteins called histones
-Euchromatin = lightly packed = used in DNA transcription
-hetrochromatin = tightly packed = less accessible for DNA transcription

44
Q

What is the overall function of the nucleus

A

Holds DNA for DNA replication
Makes RNA for DNA transcription
Types of RNA
- tRNA
-mRNA
-rRNA

45
Q

What makes up the endoplasmic reticulum and how do the rough and smooth differ in structure

A

The endoplasmic reticulum is a filamentous network
The rough endoplasmic reticulum holds ribosomes on it membrane whereas the smooth doesn’t

46
Q

What are the main overall functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Site of protein synthesis mainly for proteins that go into lysosomes, membranous proteins and excretory proteins
  • Site of protein folding
  • Site of glycosylation = adding a sugar molecule onto the protein through N-type(addition of the sugar onto a nitrogen atom)
47
Q

What is the overall function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Site of lipid synthesis of mainly fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol
  • Site of CYP450 enzymes to perform bio transformation of foreign substances like drugs, alcohol and toxins
  • Site of Glucose-6-phosphate metabolism
  • Contain sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores large amounts of calcium which is released when needed
48
Q

What id the different names for the ends of the Golgi apparatus and what are there individual functions

A

The cis-face is the start of the Golgi apparatus and this is where the vesicles from the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum enter
The trans-face is where budding happens at the end of the Golgi apparatus

49
Q

What are the overall functions of the Golgi apparatus

A
  • receive vesicles of molecules from the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • They can modify proteins through both N-type and o-type glycosylation and also phosphorylate proteins
  • packages molecules
50
Q

What are the major components of the plasma membrane and what are there individual functions

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer, made up of phospholipid heads which are polar/hydrophobic so they can interact with water and the fatty acid tails which are non-polar/hydrophobic so they cannot interact with water
    -Cholesterol, which comes from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which controls the fluidity of the membrane
  • proteins both integral and peripheral proteins
51
Q

What is the overall function of the plasma membrane and what are the different type of movement

A

It is a selectively permeable barrier to aid with the different type of transportation into and out of the cell

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Vesicular transport

52
Q

What do the lysosomes contain

A

They contain hydrologic enzymes
Proteases
Nucleases
Lipases
Glucosidases

53
Q

What are the overall functions of the lysosomes

A
  • breakdown of macromolecules
  • Autophagy of dead organelles
  • Autolysis of damaged cells
54
Q

What enzymes do peroxisomes contain

A

Catalase
Oxidase
Metabolic enzymes

55
Q

What are the overall functions of peroxisomes

A
  • Turn hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen through catalase
  • Fatty acid oxidation = alpha- branch chain, beta- long chain to make Acetyl CoA
  • Make lipids and cholesterol = make plasmalogen which is an important lipid for myelin and white matter of the brain
  • Alcohol metabolism through catalase
56
Q

What are the components of the mitochondria

A

Outer membrane - smooth and high permeable
Inner membrane- folded, Cristae and less permeable
Mitochondrial matrix- holds mitochondrial DNA

57
Q

What are the overall functions of the mitochondria

A
  • ATP synthesis via electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
  • Metabolic reactions including kerbs cycle, heme synthesis, urea cycle, gluconeogensis, ketogenesis
  • Mitochondrial DNA from the mother helps to make proteins for metabolic reactions
58
Q

What are ribsomes made up of and what is there structure

A

Ribosomes are made up of 2 subunits the large subunit and the small subunit
They are composed of rRNA and proteins

59
Q

Where can ribosomes be found

A

They can be found bound to the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the cytosol

60
Q

What is the overall function of the ribosome

A
  • site of protein synthesis
61
Q

Where is the cytoskeleton found

A

The cytoskeleton is found scatter throughout the entire cell

62
Q

What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubles

63
Q

What are microfilaments made up of and what is there overall functions

A

The microfilaments are made up of actin

  • muscle contraction when bound with myosin
  • cytokenesis in cell division as it cleaves the cell into 2 daughter cells
  • allows for shape change of white blood cells to perform diapodesis
  • aids with phagocytosis on white blood cells by making pseudopods
64
Q

What are the overall functions of intermediate filaments

A
  • Anchor’s cells to the extracellular matrix
  • Anchor’s cells to adjacent cells
  • Anchor’s the organelles within the cell
65
Q

What are microtubles made up of

A

Microtubles consist of 2 proteins
- alpha-tubulin
- beta-tubulin
Each microtubule contains 13 filaments

66
Q

What are the overall functions of the microtubles

A
  • intracellular transport via the use of transport proteins dynein and kinesin which is ATP dependant
  • used in the metaphase of cell division to pull the chromosomes apart to become sister chromatids
  • make up cell extensions like cilia and flagella

IMMS (7 decks)

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