Molecular biology and biochemistry Flashcards
Disaccharide
a double sugar composed of two linked molecules of monosaccharides.
Carbohydrates
biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Monosaccharide
a simple sugar, the basic unit of carbohydrates
Polysaccharide
a large molecule composed of a long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkage.
Lipids
biomolecules that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water
Tryglyceride
an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid
Phospholipid
a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule
Amino acid
a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (— COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group
Proteins
large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues
Globular proteins
proteins coiled into compact shapes with hydrophilic outer surface that make them water soluble
Fibrous proteins
proteins composed of long linear polypeptide chains that are bundled together to form strand or sheets
Denaturation
process of altering the shape of a protein without breaking the peptide bonds that form primary structure
DNA
a molecule which stores the genetic information of an organism and transmits that information from one generation to another
Nucleotide
the basic building block of nucleic acid polymers; an organic compound made up of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group
DNA replication
process by which DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division.
Ribosome
sphere-shaped organelle composed of protein and rRNA that serves as the site of protein synthesis
Messenger RNA
a type of RNA that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein
Transfer RNA
a cloverleaf shaped RNA that transports specific amino acid to the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA
component of ribosome functioning in protein synthesis.
RNA
single-stranded nucleic acid that function in protein synthesis
Steroids
a type of lipid characterised by carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached
