Cell biology and cell cycle Flashcards
Plasma membrane
is a double layer of lipids and proteins that surrounds a cell and separates the cytoplasm from its surrounding environment
Cytoplasm
the fluid that fills the cell, which includes the cytosol along with filaments, proteins, ions and organelles
Cell wall
a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria
Endoplasmic reticulum
a large organelle made of membranous sheets and tubules that begin near the nucleus and extend across the cell
Golgi apparatus
a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport
Lysosome
specialized vesicles within cells that digest large molecules through the use of hydrolytic enzymes
Nucleus
a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material
Plastid
a double membrane bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food, and is commonly found within the cells of photosynthetic organisms, like plants
Mitochondria
an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner part being folded inwards to form layers (cristae)
Cell membrane
the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell
Eukaryotic cells
cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, and are enclosed by a plasma membrane
Prokaryotic cells
cells that do not have a true nucleus or most other cell organelles
Binary fission
a type of asexual reproduction where a parent cell divides, resulting in two identical cells, each having the potential to grow to the size of the original cell
Nucleolus
a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes
Mitosis
a type of cell somatic division
Cell cycle
a life of a cell from one cell division to the next one
Chromatin
a fluid inside a nucleus, consisting of DNA, proteins and other molecules.
Spindle fibers
microtubules, which play important role in mitosis
Cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm
Homologous chromosomes
a pair of chromosomes in diploid cells. They have same shapes, sizes, and genes
Gametes (also called sex cells)
special male and female cells used for reproduction;
Crossing over
of pieces between non-sister chromatids
Gametogenesis
the process by which a haploid gamete is formed from precursor cells through meiosis
Zygote
- fertilized egg cell which is formed from the union of female egg cell with a male sperm cell
