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VP Exam 1 > molecular Bio > Flashcards

molecular Bio Flashcards

1
Q

central dogma

A

genetic material is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein

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2
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

bacterial transformation

smooth strains with capsule vs rough strains without capsule

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3
Q

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarthy

A

used purification methods to reveal that DNA is the genetic material

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4
Q

Crick and watson

A

double helix DNA stucture

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5
Q

Rosaline Franklin

A

X-ray results showed shape of chromosome

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6
Q

Erwin Chargaff

A

A=T, G=C
number of units are the same
relative amounts of A, T, G, C bases varies from one species to another

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7
Q

Structure of a nucleic acid

A

polymer consisted of a chain of nucleotide that contain phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base

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8
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

Purine (double ring): Adenine & Guanine

Pyrimidine (single ring): Cytosine & Thymine, Uracil in RNA

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9
Q

Transcription

A

Produces RNA copy or transcript of gene. Structural genes produce mRNA for amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

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10
Q

Translation

A

process of synthesizing specific polypeptide on a ribosome

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11
Q

what is a genome?

A

all of a living think’s genetic material.

chromosome, gene, DNA, mitochondrial DNA, plasmids, plastids

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12
Q

plasmid

A

small, circular ds DNA that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently

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13
Q

plastid

A

a major double-membrane organelle found in plants and algae. site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell

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14
Q

DNA hybridization/southern blotting

A

detection of a specific DNA sequence from DNA samples

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15
Q

RNA hybridization/ northern blotting

A

to study gene expression by detection of RNA or isolated mRNA in a sample

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16
Q

western blotting

A

to identify specific proteins from a complex mixture of proteins extracted from cells or an organ

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17
Q

PCR- polymerase chain reaction

A

amplify specific DNA fragments from genomic DNA

18
Q

Components of PCR Reaction

A

template DNA,
oligonucleotide primers (complementary ss DNA),
DNTP (deoxynucleotides- A,T,G,C),
tag polymerase (a very thermostable polymerase),
correct conditions (eg buffers)

19
Q

RT-PCR (reverse transcription) one-step

A

combines first strand cDNA synthesis reaction and PCR reaction in same tube,
simplifies reaction setup and reduces possibility of contamination

20
Q

RT-PCR (reverse transcription) two-step

A

CDNA is transferred to a separate tube for PCR step.

Detects multiple messages from a single RNA sample, greater flexibility when choosing primers and polymerase

21
Q

Real time PCR- quantitative PCR

A

monitors amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during PCR instead of at the end.
used sequence-specific DNA probes that are fluorescent labeled that flashed after hybridization between the probe and its complementary sequence. counts each flash

22
Q

origin of replication

A

site of start point for replication

23
Q

leading strand

A

forms one long continuous molecule

24
Q

lagging strand

A

makes okazaki fragments that have to be connected later

25
Q

DNA helicase

A

binds to DNA and travels 5’ to 3’ to separate DNA strand

26
Q

DNA topoisomerase

A

relieves additional coiling ahead of replication fork

27
Q

What are the three reasons why DNA replication is very accurate?

A
  1. hydrogen bonds between A-T & G-C are stable
  2. Active site of DNA polymerase unlikely to form bods if pairs mismatched
  3. DNA polymerase removes mismatched pairs
28
Q

introns

A

transcribed but not translated. removed by RNA splicing

29
Q

exons

A

coding sequence found in mature mRNA

30
Q

splicing

A

removal of introns and connection of exons

31
Q

Degenerate codons

A

more than one codon can specify the same amino acid

32
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

33
Q

Stop codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

34
Q

anticodon

A

codon on tRNA that corresponds to a complementary codon in mRNA that allows tRNA to bind to mRNA

35
Q

DNA polymerase tole

A

DNA synthesis and replication

36
Q

Ribosome role

A

protein synthesis

37
Q

RNA polymerase role

A

RNA synthesis

38
Q

mRNA synthesis role

A

transcription

39
Q

Promoter Definition

A

transcription start site

40
Q

Terminator Definition

A

transcription end site

41
Q

Translation Definition

A

mRNA to protein

42
Q

role of tRNA

A

brings amino acids during translation process

VP Exam 1 (7 decks)

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