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VP Exam 1 > Med math & Physio Intro > Flashcards

Med math & Physio Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a drug

A

a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of a disease

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2
Q

pharmacopoeia

A

grinding the pill and mixing with water to form a syrup

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3
Q

pharmacology

A

the study of the interactions of drugs with living systems

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4
Q

clinical pharmacology

A

the application of the preparation of drugs

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5
Q

toxicology

A

the study of poisons and their treatments

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6
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

movement of the drug in the body. what the animal foes to the drug

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7
Q

four stages of pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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8
Q

Absorption

A

from site of administration to the blood stream

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9
Q

distribution

A

from blood stream to the tissues

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10
Q

metabolism

A

(bitransformation) drug is metabolized into its inactive (sometimes in active) form-usually in the liver

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11
Q

excretion

A

exiting the body, usually through kidneys or GI tract

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12
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

mechanism of action of what the drug does to the animal

once the drug is in the body, where does it act. what receptors does it interact with on a molecular level,

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13
Q

Empirical therapeutics

A

dont have diagnosis yet, treating based on your experience and the signs/symptoms.
waiting for test results to come back

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14
Q

rational therapeutics

A

have test results to confirm diagnosis, can treat according to results

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15
Q

prophylasis

A

action taken to prevent disease

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16
Q

idiosyncratic

A

genetic predisposition that causes an unpredictable reaction to a drug

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17
Q

pharmacotherapeutics

A

how we use these drugs to treat patients clinically

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18
Q

General categories of drug sources

A

natural
semisynthetic
synthetic

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19
Q

natural (non-synthetic)

A

naturally derived from plants, animals, fungi or bacteria

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20
Q

semisynthetic

A

natural drug that undergoes some form of a refinement process

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21
Q

synthetic

A

molecules that mimic something that is found physiologically or naturally

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22
Q

alkaloids

A

basic nitrogenous substances that ar insoluble in water
meds end in -ine
have bitter taste

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23
Q

glycosides

A

sugars (saccharides) by flowering plants combines with other organic structures

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24
Q

resins

A

formed by the poymerization of volatile oils
longer shelf life
creates base of a substance that then goes into a liquid or solution

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25
Q

gums

A

sugars (polysaccharidea) by trees

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26
Q

tannins

A

non-nitrogenous plan constituents (ingredients) that produce an astringent effect (precipitate proteins)

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27
Q

oils

A

fixed oils or volatile oils

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28
Q

fixed oils

A

will not evaporate when exposed to air, long shelf life

29
Q

volatile oils

A

will evaporate when exposed to air, shorter shelf life

30
Q

animal sources

A

blood, plasma, hormones

31
Q

fungal/ bacterial sources

A

for antibiotics, fungal is more popular

32
Q

active compounds in plants

A

alkaloids, glycosides, resins, gums, tannins, fixed oils, volatile oils

33
Q

general routed of administration

A

local

systemic

34
Q

local routes of administration

A

topical
skin, nasal, ocular, urinary tract, vaginal, rectal, lingual, otic, intramedullary
GI tract lining

35
Q

systemic categories of administration

A

enteral

parenteral

36
Q

systemic-enteral (pro/cons)

A

passing through intestine.
pros: safe, convenient, no infection
con: slower onset of action, inactivation by GI tract,
palatability, Patient/owner compliance

37
Q

systemic- Parenteral examples

A

anything outside GI tract.

IV, IM, SQ, IP, TM, IO, inhalation

38
Q

Intravenous pros/cons

A

Pro: rapid onset, less irritating, can give large volumes
con: risk of complications, can irritate veins

39
Q

Intramuscular pro/con

A

pro: rapidly absorbed, longer duration of action, can give suspensions
con: risk of tissue damage, infection at site

40
Q

Subcutaneous Pro/con

A

pro: slow but constant absorption, longer duration of action, and give at home
con: slow onset, can’t use irritating drugs, site infection

41
Q

Intraosseous pro/con

A

Bone marrow
pro: fluids flow as well as IV, rapid access for emergencies, useful for tiny patients, can give CPR drugs
con: short term use only, can’t use all drugs,
special equipment required,
pain

42
Q

dose

A

amount of drug given to achieve a certain effect

43
Q

dosage

A

amount of drug per unit body weight

44
Q

concentration

A

amount of drug per unit of volume from the stock supply of medication

45
Q

categories of drug products

A

OTC
prescription
biologics (vaccines)
controlled drugs

46
Q

FDA

A

oversees drug approval and safety

47
Q

DEA

A

monitors use of controlled drugs

48
Q

NDC number

A

10-digit number assigned by DEA

required for all prescription meds

49
Q

NADA number

A

FDA assigns after new approval

50
Q

components of a prescription

A

superscription Rx
inscription (drug names)
subscription (instructions to pharmacist)
transcription (instructions for administration)
signature of practitioner

51
Q

Required info on a subscription

A 
practitioner and clinic info,
name of patient,
date prescription is written,
number of refills, 
name and strength of med,
 quantity to be dispensed, 
directions for use
52
Q

Prescriptions for controlled drugs

A

need to include DEA number
level 2= no refill, only 30 day supple
level 3-5= up to 5 refills within 6 months

53
Q

JCAHO

A

Joint Commision on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations

54
Q

AMDUCA

A

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act 1994.

extra-label use

55
Q

FARAD

A

Food Animal Residues Avoidance Databank.

drugs approved for food animals

56
Q

compounded medication

A

any drug that has been created by combining or altering ingredients.
approved by FDA

57
Q

posology

A

the study of drug doses

58
Q

dose

A

amount of drug given to achieve a certain effect

59
Q

dosage

A

amount of drug per unit body weight

60
Q

therapeutic dose

A

effective dose or optimal dose

61
Q

effective dose fifty (ED50)

A

dose that causes therapeutic effect in 50% of the animals

62
Q

effective dose ninety-nine (ED99)

A

dose that cause therapeutic effect in 99% of the animals

63
Q

toxic dose

A

produces adverse clinical, hematological, or biochemical changes

64
Q

lethal dose

A

dose that causes death

65
Q

lethal dose fifty (LD50)

A

causes death in 50% of animals in experimental group

66
Q

lethal dose one (LD1)

A

caused death in 1% of animals in an experimental group

67
Q

therapeutic index

A

ration between LD50/ED50.

larger the index= wider the safety of the drug

68
Q

Standard safety margin (SSM 100%)

A

percentage dose increase between ED99 & LD1
SSM 100% = (LD1/(ED99-1))x100
or
((LD1-ED99)/ED99) x 100

VP Exam 1 (7 decks)

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