Cell Bio Carbs

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

the tendency of a physiological system to maintain internal stability

Question 2

components of biological membranes

Answer 2

lipids (phospholipids, glycolipids)
proteins (integral, peripheral)
carbs
water
divalent cations
cholesterin (not in most prokaryotes)

Question 3

Cellular compartmentalization

Answer 3

functional separation within the cell

helps cell run efficiently

Question 4

types of membranes in an eukaryote

Answer 4

plasma membrane
nuclear membrane (inner & outer)
ER & golgi apparatus membrane
mitochondrial membrane (inner and outer)
Peroxisomes & lysosomes

Question 5

Function of nuclear membrane

Answer 5

genetic info
transcription
nuclear receptors

Question 6

function of ER membrane

Answer 6

synthesis of proteins & lipids
Ca++ storage
post-translational modifications

Question 7

function of golgi apparatus membrane

Answer 7

protein processing
post-translational modifications
polysaccharide synthesis
phosphorylation
packaging of proteins for transport

Question 8

function of mitochondria membrane

Answer 8

oxidation of carbs and lipids

Question 9

function of lysosome membrane

Answer 9

digestion of macromolecules

Question 10

function of perososome membrane

Answer 10

oxidation of organic molecules, catalase

Question 11

What are the three main metabolism pathways?

Answer 11

Glycolysis, TCA, ETC

Question 12

ATP

Answer 12

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 13

Outputs of Glycolysis

Answer 13

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 14

What are the main functions of Carbs

Answer 14

Energy source
storage form of energy (glycogen)
cell membrane component of communication (glycocalyx)
structural component (cell wall of bacteria)

Question 15

3C carb

Answer 15

trioses ex. glyceraldehyde

Question 16

4C carb

Answer 16

tetroses- ex. erythrose

Question 17

5C carb

Answer 17

pentose- ex. ribose

Question 18

6C carb

Answer 18

hexose- ex. gluctose and fructose

Question 19

aldose

Answer 19

aldehyde at 1st C- ex. ribose and glucose

Question 20

ketose

Answer 20

ketone group on 2nd C- ex. fructose

Question 21

isomers of glucose (2)

Answer 21

galactose and mannose

Question 22

glycosidic bond

Answer 22

binds monosaccharides by dehydration

Question 23

major dietary carbs

Answer 23

starch, glycogen, saccharose, lactose

Question 24

What mechanism in the small intestines absorbs carbs?

Answer 24

Na+ symport through transport mechanisms (SGLT1 & GLUT5 and 2)

Question 25

Catabolic pathways

Answer 25

captures energy by breaking down large molecules

Question 26

examples of catabolic metabolic pathways

Answer 26

glycolysis and glycogenolysis

Question 27

anabolic pathways

Answer 27

use energy combine small molecules to form more complex molecules

Question 28

examples of anabolic metabolic pathways

Answer 28

gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis

Question 29

hormonal regulation of glycolysis

Answer 29

insulin increases formation of glucose,

glucagon increases glycogen storage

Question 30

Other names for TCA

Answer 30

Tricarboxylic acid cycle,

krebs cycle, citric acid cycle

Question 31

ATP synthase reaction

Answer 31

ADP + Pi -> ATP + H2O

Question 32

enzymes used in gluconeogenesis

Answer 32

pyruvate carboxylase,
PEP-carboxykinase,
fructose 1,6-bisphophatase,
glucose 6-phosphatase

Question 33

physiological processes of NADPH

Answer 33

synthesis (fatty acids, sterile hormones and NO),
drug metabolism,
reduces enzymes in the body (glutathione, cytochrome P450),
generation of superoxide,
carrying electrons to ETC complexes