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MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE Flashcards

1
Q

Gregor Mendel (1865)

A

Laid the foundation of genetics by discovering the principles of inheritance using pea plants.

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2
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910)

A

Discovered the role of chromosomes in heredity through experiments with Drosophila (fruit flies).

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3
Q

Frederick Griffith (1928)

A

Demonstrated transformation in bacteria, showing that a ‘transforming principle’ could transfer genetic information.

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4
Q

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty (1944)

A

Identified DNA as the ‘transforming principle’ responsible for heredity.

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5
Q

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)

A

Confirmed that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material using bacteriophages and radioactive labeling.

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6
Q

Erwin Chargaff (1950)

A

Formulated Chargaff’s rules, showing base pairing (A=T and G≡C).

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7
Q

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins (1951–1953)

A

Produced X-ray diffraction images of DNA, providing critical evidence of its helical structure.

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8
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)

A

Proposed the double-helix model of DNA based on Franklin’s data and Chargaff’s rules.

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9
Q

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl (1958) in? N Taylor in?

A

Demonstrated the semi-conservative mechanism of DNA replication, E.coli, Vicia faba
Meselson and Stahl in Prokaryotic cell
Taylor in Eukaryotic cell

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10
Q

Marshall Nirenberg , George Gamow, Har-Gobind Khorana,(1961)

A

Cracked the genetic code by determining the first codon using synthetic RNA.

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11
Q

François Jacob and Jacques Monod (1961)

A

Discovered the operon model of gene regulation in bacteria, specifically the lac operon.

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12
Q

Sydney Brenner, François Jacob, and Matthew Meselson (1961)

A

Discovered mRNA as the messenger carrying genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

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13
Q

FREDERICK MEISCHER, year?

A

discovered acidic nature of nuclein AND NAMED NUCLEIN , 1869

some say- identified DNA

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14
Q

Nucleic acids are ? Eg?

A

Polymer of nucleotides , DNA and RNA

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15
Q

Nucleotides composition?

A

Nitrogen base + pentose sugar + phosphate

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16
Q

Nucleoside?

A

Nitrogen base + pentose sugar

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17
Q

One turn of dna bp? 1 turn will have ? Diameter?

A

10×3.4 =34 angstrom (10 bp)
3.4 angstrom , 20 angstrom

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18
Q

Nucleosome?

A

H1 (linker histone) + histone octamer + 200 bp DNA

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19
Q

WHO DEVELOPED DNA FINGERPRINT TECHNIQUE?

A

ALEC JEFFREYS

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20
Q

Human Genome?

A

3164.7 million nucleotide bases

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21
Q

Refer BIO.BOARD. MOLECULAR INHERITANCE. NOTION

A
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22
Q

S strain and R strain full form?

A

Smooth colony and Rough colony

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23
Q

Bacteriophage?

A

Virus-infects bacteria

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24
Q

Average Gene:

A

3000 bases

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25
Q

Messeslson and Stahl used? Grew E.coli in? Centrifuged in?

A

Heavy isotope of N¹⁵ , ¹⁵NH4Cl , CsCl

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26
Q

Why is DNA more soluble than RNA?

A

Thymine

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27
Q

Transcription Unit

A

Promoter, structural gene, Terminator

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28
Q

Function of satellite DNA?

A

High degree of polymorphism

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29
Q

Largest Human Gene …?

A

[Dystrophin]: 2.4 million bases

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30
Q

Total number of genes =

A

30,000

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31
Q

how many nucleotides are same in all people ?

A

99.91

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32
Q

Genes: Function unknown?

A

> 50%.

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33
Q

genome code for proteins?

A

<2%

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34
Q

Chromosome _____ has most genes. how many?

A

1
[2968]

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35
Q

Chromosome _____ has fewest genes. how many?

A

Y
231

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36
Q

SNPs found where?

A

1.4 Million location

37
Q

student of Fredrich Miescher? what did he observe?

A

Altman, observed Pus Cell (WBC) FROM DISCARDED BANDAID

38
Q

which position decides Ribose sugar or deoxy ribose sugar??

A

2 position

39
Q

Nitrogen base is attached to ribose sugar at? with what bond?

A

C-1 , N-glycosidic Bond

40
Q

konse position me phosphoric acid lagta hai?

A

5th position of the chain

41
Q

nucleotide and phosphate bond attach with which bond?

A

Phosphoester bond

42
Q

Two nucleotide attach each other with?

A

Phosphodiester bond

43
Q

direction of phosphodiester bond?

A

3 prime to 5 prime

44
Q

direction of polymerisation?

A

5 prime to 3 prime

45
Q

Sugar phosphate is??

A

BACKBONE OF DNA

46
Q

Acidic nature due to?

A

Phosphoric acid

47
Q

negatively charged due to?

A

Phosphoric acid

48
Q

Chargaff’s rule is applicable on?

A

ds DNA only

49
Q

The coiling of Dna..? is in ______

A

Bdna, right handed fashion (clockwise)

50
Q

one complete turn / pitch of helix?

A

10 bp, 10*2= 20 NB
10= pur, 10= pyr

51
Q

Distance between adjacent bp?

A

3.4 angstrom or 0.34 nm

52
Q

pitch?

A

34 angstrom , 3.4 nm

53
Q

angle between adjacent bp..?

54
Q

Length of DNA?

A

total no of base pair * 0.34nm

55
Q

Nucleus ka diameter ?

A

10⁻⁶ m

56
Q

length of DNA in E.coli?

57
Q

BASIC AMINO ACID OF EUKARYOTIC CELL?

A

BAAL
BASIC AMINO ACID- LYSINE, ARGININE

58
Q

HOW MANY HISTONES INVOLVED IN EUKARYOTIC CELL? WHAT R THEY

A

5
H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

(YE NUMBERS SUBSCRIPT ME RAHENGE)

59
Q

HOW MANY UNITS OF OCTAMER?

60
Q

HOW MANY TURNS OF COILS OF DNA IN NUCLEOSOME?

A

1.75 TURNS

61
Q

NO OF BASE PAIR IN NUCLEOSOME?

62
Q

WHAT IS NOT A PART OF NUCLEOSOME?

A

H₁ PROTEIN

63
Q

Frederick Griffith worked on?

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

64
Q

How many variants are there for Streptococcus pneumonia? Who is the host?

A

Two strain
S strain and R strain
Mice

65
Q

First genetic material was?

66
Q

genetic code is?? how many codons? MEANS??

A

triplet , 64 codons
3 nucleotide milke 1 amino acid ke liye code karte hain

67
Q

64 codons for ______ ??

A

20 Amino acids

68
Q

Severo Ochoa gave? FUNCTION?

A

severo ochoa enzyme ‘RNA POLYMERASE ENZYME’ (POLYNUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHORYLASE)
SYNTHESISE RNA IN TEMPLATE INDEPENDENT MANNER

69
Q

Marshall Nirenberg what did he do?

A

Synthesised protein in cell free system

AND DID A LOT OF KAAM…REFER MARATHON PDF

70
Q

UUU codes for?

A

Phenylalanine

71
Q

Hargobind Khorana…what did he do?

A

gave-mech-instrumental-RNA-synthesis

synthesis-homopolymer and copolymer of RNA

72
Q

HOW MANY TYPES OF CODON ARE THERE?

A
  1. Sense codon
  2. Non-sense codon
73
Q

tRNA proposed by?

A

Francis Crick

74
Q

2D STRC. Anticodon kaha jurega? With amino acid?shape?

A

ANTICODON MRNA SE JUREGA
AMINO ACID 3 PRIME ME JUREGA
CLOVER LEAF LIKE

75
Q

Bond between amino acid ?

A

Peptide bond

76
Q

Formation of Peptide bond done by?

A

Ribozyme/peptidyl transferase enzyme
23SrRNA 28SrRNA
PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC

77
Q

Francois Jacob and Jacque Monod worked on? gave?

A

E.coli , operon model

78
Q

i-gene when binds with operator and lactose what does it show..?

79
Q

Inducer means?

A

to switch it on

80
Q

HGP
HOW MANY YEARS? PROJECT COMPLETED IN? EXCEPT? ITS SEQUENCE COMPLETED IN?

A

13, 2003, CHR 1, MAY 2006

CHR 1 IS LOST OUT OF 24 CHROMOSOME TO BE SEQUENCED

81
Q

HGP
Cost of sequencing?
Base pair to be sequenced?
total estimated cost?

A

US$3 per bp
3*10⁹ bp
9 billion US dollars

82
Q

Which methodology is used for gene sequencing?

A

Sequence annotation

83
Q

0.1 percent is _______ base pair

A

3*10⁶ bp ( 3 million bp)

84
Q

DNA FINGERPRINTING NEVER MATCHES EXCEPT?

A

monozygotic twins

85
Q

major peak, minor peak is representing? Which is the basis of DNA fingerprinting?

A

bulk genomic DNA, Satellite DNA
SATELLITE DNA

86
Q

Length of VNTR?

87
Q

konsi frequency se we know that variation is considered as DNA polymorphism?

A

greater than 0.01

BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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