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molecular basis of inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

number of nucleotides in phix174

A

5386

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2
Q

number of bp in bacteriophage lambda

A

48502

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3
Q

number of bp in e coli

A

4.6x10^6

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4
Q

adenosine, guanosine,cytidine and uridine are

A

nucleosides

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5
Q

the additional OH grp of RNA is at

A

2’ position of ribose

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6
Q

dna as an acidic substance was first identified by federick meischer in

A

1869

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7
Q

double helix model proposed in

A

1953

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8
Q

pitch of the helix of dna

A

3.4 nm

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9
Q

how many base pairs in each turn of dna

A

10

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10
Q

distance between a bp in the helix of dna

A

0.34 nm

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11
Q

ventral dogma of biology proposed by

A

francis crick

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12
Q

dimension of typical nucleus

A

app. 10^-6

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13
Q

length of ecoli dna

A

1.36 mm

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14
Q

number of bp in a nucleosome

A

2000

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15
Q

year range of work of ostwald avery, collin macleod and maclynmccarty was

A

1933-1944

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16
Q

harshey and chase experiment in which year

A

1952

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17
Q

three steps in harshey and chase experiment

A

infection
blending
centrifugation

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18
Q

two eg for viruses that use rna as genetic material

A

qb bacteriophage

tobacco mosaic virus

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19
Q

stability as one of the properties of genetic material was evident in whose experiment

A

griffith experiment

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20
Q

what makes rna labileand easily degradable

A

extra oh at 2’

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21
Q

semiconservative replication was first shown in

A

ecoli

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22
Q

experiment on semiconservatic replication was done on which year

A

1958

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23
Q

e coli divides in how many minutes

A

20 min

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24
Q

similar experiment for semiconservative replication was done by taylor and colleagues using radioactive thymidine on vicia faba(faba beans) in which yesr

A

1958

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25
Q

rate of polymerisation in e coli

A

2000 bp / s

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26
Q

who provides energy for replication of dna

A

deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate

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27
Q

the two terminal phosphates in deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate are ____ phosphates, same as in the case of ___

A

high-energy

ATP

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28
Q

direction of polymerisation of dna dependent dna polymerase

A

5’ to 3’

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29
Q

three regions of transcription unit

A

promotor
structural gene
terminator

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30
Q

promotor is located at

A

5’ end of structural gene

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31
Q

functional unit of inheritance

A

gene

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32
Q

the dna sequence coding for ___ and ___ molecule also define a gene

A

tRNA and rRNA

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33
Q

monocistronic mostly in

A

eukaryotes

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34
Q

defining a cistron as a

A

segment of dna coding for a polypeptide

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35
Q

the __ complicates the definition of a gene in terms of dna segment

A

split gene arrangement

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36
Q

symbol of initiation factor

A

sigma

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37
Q

symbol of termination factor

A

rho

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38
Q

there are atleast __ RNA polymerases in the nucleus other than those found in the organelles

A

three

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39
Q

RNA polymerase I transcribes

A

rRNA (28s,18s,5.8s)

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40
Q

rRNA (28s,18s,5.8s) is transcribed by

A

RNA polymerase I

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41
Q

RNA polymerase II transcribes

A

hnRNA

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42
Q

RNA polymerase III transcribes (3)

A

tRNA, 5srRNA, snRNA

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43
Q

tRNA, 5srRNA, snRNA are transcribed by

A

RNA polymerase III

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44
Q

hnRNA is transcribed by

A

RNA polymerase II

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45
Q

capping of hnRNA is done at __ by adding

A

5’

methyl guanosine triphosphate

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46
Q

adenylate residues are addded to hnRNA during tailing, in a ___ ___ manner

A

template independent

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47
Q

the chemical method developed by ____ was instrumental in synthesising RNA molecules with defined combination of bases (homopolymers and copolymers)

A

Har Gobind Khorana

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48
Q

cell free system ofor protein synthesis is given by

A

Marshell Neirenberg

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49
Q

severo ochoa enzyme is a

A

polynucleotide phosphate

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50
Q

UUU codes for

A

phenylalanine

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51
Q

the code is universal. exception to this rule is found in ___ and ___

A

mitochondrial codons

some protozoans

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52
Q

deletion mutations are also called

A

frameshift mutations

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53
Q

tRNA wa searlier called

A

sRNA

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54
Q

the ribosomes consist of

A

RNAs and Proteins

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55
Q

how many different types of proteins can be seen in ribosome

A

80

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56
Q

which rna in bacteria is ribozyme

A

23S rRNA

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57
Q

during translation, amino acida are added one by one, translated into polypeptide sequences dictated by ___ and represented by ___

A

DNA

mRNA

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58
Q

at the end of translation, a ___ binds to the stop codon, terminating translation and releasing the complete polypeptide from the ribosome

A

release factor

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59
Q

which are the four levels at which regulation of gene expression could be exerted in eukaryotes

A

transcriptional level (formation of primary transcript)
processing level (regulation of splicing)
transport of mrna from nucleus to cytoplasm
translational level

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60
Q

the operator regions is adjacent to the ___ elements in most operons

A

promoter

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61
Q

in most cases the sequences of the operon bind a ___ protein

A

repressor

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62
Q

elucidation of lac operon done by

A

Francois Jacob (geneticist) and Jacque Monad (biochemist)

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63
Q

in lac operon, a ___ ____ ____ is regulated by common promoter and regulatory genes

A

polycistronic structural gene

64
Q

in lac operon, a polycistronic structural gene is regulated by common promoter and regulatory genes. such arrangement is very common in __

A

bacteria

65
Q

the i in i gene is derived from the word

A

inhibitor

66
Q

three structural genes of lac operon

A

z, y and a

67
Q

z gene of lac operon codes for

A

beta-galactosidase

68
Q

in lac operon, beta-galactosidase is coded by which gene

A

z gene

69
Q

in lac operon, y gene codes for

A

permease

70
Q

permease increases

A

permeability of the cell to beta galactosidase

71
Q

permease is coded by which structural gene

A

y gene

72
Q

in lac operon, a gene codes for

A

transacetylase

73
Q

transacetylase is coded by

A

gene a

74
Q

lactose is the substrate for which enzyme

A

beta galactosidase

75
Q

the repressor protein binds to the ___ region of the operon

A

operator region

76
Q

regulation of lac operon by repressor is referred to as

A

negative regulation

77
Q

It is the sequence of ___ in DNA that determines the genetic information of a given organism

A

Bases

78
Q

A very ambitious project of sequencing human genome was launched in the year ___

A

1990

79
Q

Human genome project was called a

A

Mega project

80
Q

Human genome is said to have approximately ___ bp

A

3x10^9

81
Q

The total estimated cost of HGP was approximately __ with __ dollars per bp

A

9 billion US dollars

3 dollars per bp

82
Q

How many books with how many words and pages would be required to store the information of DNA

A

3300 books with 1000 pages and each page having 1000 letters

83
Q

HGP was closely associated with the rapid development of a new area in biology called

A

Bioinformatics

84
Q

Appr. How many genes are there in human DNA

A

20,000-25,000

85
Q

How many bp make up human DNA

A

3 billion

86
Q

Full form of ELSI

A

Ethical, legal and social issues

87
Q

For how long did the HGP last

A

13 year

88
Q

HGP was coordinated by which two companies

A

U.S department of energy

National institute of health

89
Q

During the early years of HGP, the ___ became a major partner

A

The Wellcome Trust (U.K)

90
Q

Countries that contributed to HGP

A

Japan, France , Germany, China and othes

91
Q

The HGP was completed in

A

2003

92
Q

Which two plants were the non human model that were sequenced

A

Rice

Arabidopsis

93
Q

Which insect was the non human model that were sequenced

A

Drosophila

94
Q

Eg for a free living non pathogenic nematode

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

95
Q

Give 5 eg for non human models that were sequenced

A 
Bacteria
Yeast
Caenorhabditis elegans
Plants (2)
Drosophila
96
Q

EST full form

A

Expressed sequence tags

97
Q

What are EST

A

All the genes that are expressed as RNA

98
Q

Tge commonly used hosts for cloning were (2)

A

Bacteria and yeast

99
Q

The commonly used vectors used for cloning were

A

BAC

YAC

100
Q

The fragments were sequenced using automated DNA sequencers that worked in the principle of a method developed by

A

Frederick Sanger

101
Q

Who was credited for developing method for determination of amino acid sequences in proteins

A

Frederick Sanger

102
Q

The sequence of chromosome 1 was completed in

A

May 2006

103
Q

From the result of HGP, the human genome contains ___ bp

A

3164.7 million bp

104
Q

From the result of HGP, The avg gene consists of __ bases

A

3000

105
Q

Largest human gene is? How many bases does it have

A

Dystrophin

2.4 million bases

106
Q

From the result of HGP, the total number of genes is estimated at ___ -much lower that previous estimates of ___ to ___ genes

A

30,000

80,000 to 1,40,000

107
Q

Almost ____% of nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people

A

99.9%

108
Q

The functions are unknown for over __% of tge discovered genes

A

50%

109
Q

Less than __% of the genome codes for proteins

A

2%

110
Q

___ sequence make up very large portion of human genome

A

Repeated sequence

111
Q

Repetative sequences are stretches of DNA sequences that are repeated many times, sometimes ___ to __ times

A

Hundred to thousand times

112
Q

Repeetitive sequences have no direct __ functions but they shed light on __, __ and __

A

Coding

Chromosome structure, dynamics and evolution

113
Q

Which chromosome has most genes. How many?

A

Chromosome 1

2968

114
Q

Which chromosome has least genes. How many

A

Y chromosome

231

115
Q

Scientists have identified about how many locations where single base DNA differences occure in humans

A

1.4 million

116
Q

Full form of SNP

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism

117
Q

SNPs are also called

A

Snips

118
Q

In how many base sequences of DNA would theere be differences

A

3x10^6

119
Q

Repetitive DNA are separated from the bulk DNA as different peaks during density gradient centrifugation. The ___ forms a major peak and tge other small peaks are referred to as __

A

Bulk DNA

satellite DNA

120
Q

What is the basis of DNA fingerprinting

A

Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) polymorphism

121
Q

Allelic sequence variation is decribed as a DNA polymorphism if more than __ variant(allele) at a locus occurs in human population with a frequency greater than__

A

0.01

122
Q

What is DNA Polymorphism

A

If an Inheritable mutation is observed in a population at high frequency, it is reffered to as DNA polymorphism

123
Q

The probability of inheritable variations to be observed in non-coding DNA sewuence would be lower/higher as mutation in these sequences may/may not have any impact in an individual’s reproductive ability

A

Higher

May not

124
Q

Dna fingerprinting was developed by who

A

Alec Jeffreys

125
Q

Alec jaffrey used __ as probe that shows ___

A

Satellite DNA

very high degree of polymorphism

126
Q

What is VNTR

A

Satellite dna that shows very high degree of polymorphism

127
Q

Southern blot hybridisation using __ as probe

A

Radiolabelled VNTR

128
Q

Detection of hybridised Dna fragments was done by what method

A

Autoradiography

129
Q

The VNTR belongs to a class of ___ DNA referred to as ___

A

Satellite dna

Mini-satellite

130
Q

The suze of VNTR varies in size from __ to __

A

0.1 to 20kb

131
Q

After hybridisations, the bands give a characteristic pattern for an individual DNA. It differs from individual to individual in a population except in the case of

A

Monozygotic (identical) twins

132
Q

The sensitivity of dna fingerprinting was increased by use of

A

PCR

133
Q

The tRNA binds to specific amino acids at one end and pairs through __ bonding

A

H-bonding

134
Q

Which is the primary step for regulation of transcription

A

Regulation of transcription

135
Q

Genetic material of T2 bacteriophage

A

DNA

136
Q

When was Wilkins, Watson and Crick awarded nobel prize

A

1962

137
Q

Which component of dna gives it the negative charge

A

Phosphate

138
Q

Chargaff’s rule is applied only to ___ and not applicable to __ and __

A

dsDNA

ssDNA and RNA

139
Q

What was the two chargaff’s rules

A

A+G = T+C

A+T/G+C = constant for species

140
Q

Nature of dna of phix174

A

ssDNA

141
Q

Nature of DNA in lambda phage

A

dsDNA

142
Q

Nature of dna in ecoli

A

dsDNA

143
Q

Nature of DNA in prokaryotic cell

A

dsDNA, circular and naked(without histones)

144
Q

Histones have high/low molecular weight

A

Low

145
Q

Types of histones in nucleosome (4)

A

H2A, H2B, H3 and H4

146
Q

H1 hostone is ____ part of nucleosome and H1 is present in ___ or __ DNA

A

Not the part of

Linker or spacer DNA

147
Q

In each nucleosome tge DNA is wrapped for about ____ turns

A

1 3/4

148
Q

What is chromatosome

A

Nucleosome and H1 histone in liner or spacer DNA is called chromatosome

149
Q

The heavy isotope of N is

A

Non radioisotopic

150
Q

Who unwinds the strands of DNA

A

DNA helicase/ unwindase/ unzipping enzyme

151
Q

Due to unwing of DNA strands, tension or strain is created in the distal ends of dna, which is relieved by__. It has __ and __ activity

A

DNA Gyrase/ Topoisomerase

Cut and seal

152
Q

To prevent rewinding and recoiling of the opened dna, ___ attaches to tamplate strands

A

Single strand binding proteins (ssb)

153
Q

Using rna primer, ___ adds nucleotides to the replicating dna

A

DNA polymerase III

154
Q

After adding nucleotides, ___ degrade rna primer and replace it with dna

A

DNA polymerase I

155
Q

Cistron is equivalent to

A

Structural gene

Biology (5 decks)

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