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CC > Molbio Lec Unit 2 > Flashcards

Molbio Lec Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Organisms contain genetic material that governs an individual is characteristics and is transferred from progeny to parent

A

False: parent to progeny

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2
Q

It is the genetic material of all living organisms and some viruses

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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3
Q

It is the genetic material of certain viruses

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the DNA is may be double-or-single stranded DNA or RNA, where as viruses the genetic material is always double stranded

A

FALSE: In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the DNA is always double stranded, where as viruses the genetic material may be double-or-single stranded DNA or RNA

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5
Q

Four nitrogen bases of DNA

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

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6
Q

Four nitrogen bases of RNA

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

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7
Q

These are the units of measure for nucleic acids

A

Nt/bp

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8
Q

It is the unit of length for single-stranded nucleic acids

A

nt

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9
Q

It is the unit of length for double-stranded nucleic acids

A

Base pairs (bp)

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10
Q

Three major types of DNA

A

Right handed A- DNA
Right handed B- DNA
Left handed Z- DNA

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11
Q

It is a macromolecule made of nucleotides bound together by the phosphate and hydroxyl groups on their sugars

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

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12
Q

Are the products of transcription and translation of the nucleic acids

A

PROTEINS

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13
Q

Is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses

A

DNA

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14
Q

3 components of DNA

A

Deoxyribose (a pentose sugar)
Base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine)
Phosphate

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15
Q

4 different levels of DNA

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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16
Q

Nucleoside + phosphate =?

A

Nucleotide

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17
Q

What are the purine nucleosides?

A

Adenosine
Guanosine

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18
Q

Pyrimidine nucleosides

A

Cytidine
Uridine

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19
Q

This type of DNA is biologically the most common

A

B-DNA

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20
Q

The ideal B-DNA has ___ base pairs per turn ( _____ rotation of helix)

A

10 base pairs; 360 degrees

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21
Q

Base pairs of B-DNA are _____ nm apart

A

0.34 nm

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22
Q

Minor groove is narrow, shallow
Major groove is wide, deep

A

B- DNA

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23
Q

This type of DNA is the most stable

A

B-DNA

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24
Q

This structure exists when plenty of water surrounds molecule

A

B-DNA

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25
Q

Wider and flatter than B-DNA

A

A-DNA

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26
Q

11 base pairs per turn

A

A-DNA

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27
Q

Minor groove: broad shallow
Major groove: Narrow and deep

A

A- DNA

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28
Q

Observed when less water is present

A

A-DNA

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29
Q

A-DNA has been observed in two context:

A
  1. Active site of DNA polymerase (~3bp)
  2. Gram (+) bacteria undergoing sporulation
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30
Q

Seen in high salt concentrations

A

Z-DNA

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31
Q

12 base pairs per turn

A

Z-DNA

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32
Q

Minor groove: deep
Major groove: none

A

Z-DNA

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33
Q

Distance between adjacent base of A-DNA

A

0.23 nm

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34
Q

Distance between adjacent bases of Z-DNA

A

0.38 nm

35
Q

Is a polymer of ribonucleotides linked together by phosphodiester linkage

A

RNA

36
Q

3 main component of RNA

A

Phosphate group
Sugar ( ribose)
Nitrogenous base

37
Q

It is made of a 6 member ring, fused to a 5 member ring

A

Purines

38
Q

What are the purines

A

Adenine
Guanine

39
Q

Made of a 6 member ring

A

Pyrimidine

40
Q

What are the pyrimidine in RNA

A

Cytosine
Uracil

41
Q

True or False:
Adenine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with Uracil. Similarly, Guanine is bonded with Cytosine with 2 hydrogen bonds

A

False:
Adenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with Uracil. Similarly, Guanine is bonded with Cytosine with 3 hydrogen bonds

42
Q

Key activator of innate immune response

A

Double stranded RNA (dsRNA)

43
Q

These are regions held together by hydrogen bonds

A

Complementary regions

44
Q

This region have bases projecting away from double stranded regions

A

Non complementary regions

45
Q

Types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

46
Q

The 5’ terminal end is capped by 7-methyl guanosine triphosphate cap

A

Messenger RNA

47
Q

It stabilizes mRNA by protecting it from 5’ exonuclease

A

MRNA

48
Q

Messenger RNA:
The ____ is involved in the recognition of mRNA

A

Cap

49
Q

Messenger RNA:
The ____ prevents the attack by 3’ exonucleases

A

The tail

50
Q

It is the smallest RNA

A

Transfer RNA (t-RNA)

51
Q

They have 74-95 nucleotide residues

A

Transfer RNA

52
Q

Transfer RNA: they transfer the amino acids from ___ cytoplasm to the protein synthesizing machinery

A

Cytoplasm

53
Q

TransferRNA are also called _____ is the only RNA species that contains the ______

A

Adapter molecules tRNA; nucleoside thymidine

54
Q

What kind of structure is that The nucleotide sequence of all the tRNA molecules allows extensive intrasand complementarity that generates a secondary structure

A

Primary structure

55
Q

This type of structure: each single tRNA shows extensive internal base pairing and acquires a clover leaf like structure

A

Secondary structure

56
Q

What are under the secondary structure

A

Acceptor arm
Anticodon arm

57
Q

The L shaped tertiary structure is formed by further folding of the clover leaf due to hydrogen bonds between _____ and _____ arms

A

T and D ARMS

58
Q

Is the RNA component of the ribosome

A

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid

59
Q

Tertiary structure of trna constitutes the predominant material within the ribosome, which is approximately ____ and _____ by weight

A

60% rRNA
40% PROTEIN

60
Q

The ribosomal RNAs form two subunits, the ____ and ______

A

Large subunit
Small subunit

61
Q

This type of subunit acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing _____

A

LSU; peptide bond formation

62
Q

Major types of small RNA molecules

A

Small nuclear RNA
Small nucleolar RNA
Micro RNA and short interfering RNA

63
Q

THIS TYPE OF SMALL RNA IS INVOLVED IN MRNA SPLICING

A

Small nuclear RNA

64
Q

This type of small RNA molecule directs the modification of ribosomal RNAs

A

Small nucleolar RNA (SNORNA)

65
Q

This type of small RNA molecule regulates gene expression

A

Micro RNA and short interfering RNA

66
Q

Anticancer drugs

A

5-bromouridine (5BrdU)
Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C)

67
Q

Antiviral therapy

A

HIV-AIDS (retrovir, AZT)
HERPES AND VARICELLA ACYCLOVIR, ZOVIRAX

68
Q

It is an organic chemical compound related to another by substitution of atoms with other groups

A

Analogue

69
Q

Are prepared by altering the base ring or sugar moeity

A

Nucleotide analogues

70
Q

Anti-tumor agents used in chemotherapy
- interfere with the synthesis of DNA and thereby preferentially kill rapidly dividing cells such as tumor cell

A

6-mercaptopurine
5-fluorouracil

71
Q

Anti-viral drugs

A

AZT (azidothymidine or zidovudine) - HIVE
Lamivudine ____ hepatitis b

72
Q

Is a structural analogue of hypoxanthine is used to treat gout

A

Allopurinol

73
Q

The drug is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase which converts hypoxanthine to uric acid

A

Allopurinol

74
Q

Biomedical importance of nucleotides

A

Metabolic regulators such as cAMP
CTP and UTP are used in the production of biomolecules
Synthetic analogues used in medicine

75
Q

The genetic material of prokaryotes is ___

A

Double stranded DNA

76
Q

The complete set of metaphase chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell is

A

Karyotype

77
Q

True or false: the histones are constant from cell to cell within an organism, whereas non histones vary significantly between cell types

A

True

78
Q

True or false: the more condensed a region of a chromosome is, the less likely it is that the genes in that regions will be active

A

True

79
Q

True or false: Prokaryotic genomes consist mostly of unique DNA sequences, they only have a few repeated sequences and genes. Eukaryotes gave both unique and repetitive sequences in the genome

A

True

80
Q

Is the process of copying genetic information in DNA into RNA

A

Transcription

81
Q

Recognition factors

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

82
Q

In___, DNA replication occurs in the S phase of the cell cylce and is biochemically and molecularly similar to replication in projaryotes

A

Eukaryotes

83
Q

In____, DNA replication begins at a single replication origin and proceeds bidirectionally

A

Prokaryotes

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