Mol Lecture #30 Flashcards
1
Q
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Overview p.2)
A
- Complex is not a pump (Ubioquinone passes the electron)
- The High concentration of hydrogrens creates an imbalance
2
Q
ETC
A
- Slowly siphoning off the energy from the electrons (to pump the hydrogens)
3
Q
Electron carriers and pumps to know:
A
- Protein complex jobs:
→ NADH e’s are delivered through complex 1
→ FADH 2 electrons delivered through complex 2
→ Complex I, III, IV are proton pumps
→ Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons, and is converted to H2O( w/H+)
4
Q
Oxidative phosphorylation: ATP Synthase
A
- (ATP synthase) Made from genes in the mitochondrial genome and nuclear genome
- Turns energy into chemical energy
5
Q
Overview of Cellular respiration (brief)
A
- In total, we get 32 ATP produced per molecule of glucose
- 6 CO2
- The process is 30% efficient, the rest lost as heat
6
Q
Other food for Thought:
A
- CR is the core metabolic pathway in eukaryotic cells because all the other pathways can connect in CR.
- Using proteins (amino acids) - pyruvate or CAC, carbohydrates, and fats to enter the cycle.
- Or, we can take acids or metabolites from the process to make amino acids.
- Fat can enter through G3P or into acetyl-CoA through fatty acid oxidation.
7
Q
Lactate Fermentation: gain energy from carbon sources.
A
- Oxygen is required to perform oxidative phosphorylation
- In some cases, oxygen is never available to O2-using organisms
- Run glycolysis and generate ATP from glycolysis, and then we don’t go any further.
- Convert pyruvate to lactate; in doing so, the enzyme takes NADH and converts it to NAD+.
- Therefore, we only get ATP and shunt the NADH (to be converted back to NAD+)
8
Q
Remember the Carbon Cycle (Products)
A
- Ultimately left with CO2 and H20 (products of CR) as well as ATP
9
Q
Photosynthesis
A
- Light-dependent reactions
- Light independent reactions
- H+ and e’s (which we will use) are derived from H2O, which is split, releasing O2 as a by-product. (opposite of CR)
- C-containing molecules generated via photosynthesis can be used by both plants and animals during cellular respiration.
10
Q
Light-dependent reactions:
A
- Use the energy of the sun. It is converted to chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP (all cells have pools of NADH and NADPH)
11
Q
Light-independent reactions:
A
- Use the energy from the light-dependent reactions to convert inorganic carbon to organic carbon-containing molecules.
12
Q
Chloroplast Structure
A
- Double-membrane
Outer membrane - Inner membrane (inner membrane space)
- Internal space in the membrane is called the stroma (in the stromas there is a different structure to the mitochondria)
- Thylakoids are membrane-bound structures inside stroma
–> Use chloroplast genome and nuclear genome to derive important processes
13
Q
Where do light-dependent reactions occur?
A
- Light-dependent reactions occur on and across the thylakoid membranes
14
Q
Where do light-independent reactions occur?
A
- Light-independent reactions take place in the stroma.
15
Q
Properties of light and chlorophyll
A
- Electrons in green pigment molecules absorb light energy called chlorophylls; in orange pigment, molecules are called carotenoids.
- Light energy is going to travel in discrete units called photons. Photons can increase the energy state of low-energy electrons in the pigment molecules.
