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Ap Psychology > Modules 9-15 > Flashcards

Modules 9-15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system

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2
Q

Dentrites

A

A neurons bushy, branching extensions that recieve messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

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3
Q

Axon

A

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscle or glands

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4
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty tissue layer segment ally encasing the axons of some neurons enables vastly grater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one sausage like node to the next

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5
Q

Action potiental

A

A neural impulse a bread electrical charge that travels down an axon

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6
Q

Refactory period

A

A period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

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7
Q

Threshold

A

The level of stimulation required to trigger a nueralimpulse

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8
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

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9
Q

Biological psychology

A

The scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.

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10
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending nueron neruontrasmitters travel across the synase and bind the ceceptor sites on the receiving neuron, therby influencing whether that nueron will generate a nueral impulse.

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11
Q

reuptake

A

a nuerotrasmitters readsorption by the sending neuron.

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12
Q

endorphins

A

natural opiate like neurotransmitter linked to pain cosntrol and to pleasure

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13
Q

agonist

A

a molecule that by binding to a receoptor site stimulates a response

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14
Q

antagonist

A

a molecule that by binding to a receptor site inhibits or blocks a response

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15
Q

nervous system

A

the bodys speedy electochemical communication network cisisting of all the nerve celss of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

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16
Q

centeral nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord.

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17
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles glands and sense organs

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18
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory recpetors to the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscle and glands

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20
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spianl cord that communicate internally and intervene between the senroy inputs and motor outputs.

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21
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the division of the periperal nervous system that controsl the bodys skeletal muscles

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22
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheal nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs its sympathetic divison arouses its parasympatheic divison calms

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23
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autnomic nervous system that arouses the body mobilizing its energy in stressful sitations

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24
Q

parasypathetic nervous system

A

the divison of the autnomic nervous system that calms teh body conserving its energy

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25
Q

reflex

A

a simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee jerk response

26
Q

endocrine system

A

the bodys chemical communication system a set f glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

27
Q

hormones

A

chemical messangers that manufacctured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

28
Q

adrenal glands

A

a pair of endcocrine glands that sit just above the kindeys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

29
Q

pituitary gland

A

the eondocrine systems most influnetal gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus the ptuitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine gland

30
Q

lesion

A

tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

31
Q

electroencephalogram EEG

A

an amplified recording of the waves of electric activity sweeping across the brains surface.

32
Q

CT computed tomography scan

A

a series of xrarys photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brains structure.

33
Q

PET positron emisson tomopgrahy

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radiactive form of glucosse goes while the brain performs a given task

34
Q

MRI magnetic resonance imaging

A

a techinque that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer genrated images of soft tissue MRI scans show brain anatomy

35
Q

fMRI

A

a technique for reavealing blodoflow and therfore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.

36
Q

brainstem

A

the oldest part of the brain beginning whre the spinal cord sells as it enters the skull the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

37
Q

medulla

A

the base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing

38
Q

thalamus

A

the brains sensory contro center located on top of the brainstem it directs messages to the senory recieiving areas in the corteex and trasmits repies to the cerebellum and medulla

39
Q

reticular formation

A

a nerve network that travels through the braisntem and thalamus and plays an importatn role in controlloing arousal

40
Q

cerebellum

A

the little brain at the rear of the brainstem functions include processing sensory imput coordinating movement output and balance and enabling nonveraba learning and memory

41
Q

limbic system

A

neural system located below the cerbral hemisphere associated with emotions and drive

42
Q

amygdala

A

two lima bean sized nueral clusters in the limbic system linked to emotions

43
Q

hypothalmus

A

a nueral structure lying below the thalmus it directs several maintance activiest helps govern the edocrine system

44
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerbral hemispheres the body ultimate control and information processing center

45
Q

glial cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support nourish and protect nuerons they may play a role in learning and thinking

46
Q

frontal lobes

A

portion of the cerbral cortex lying just behind the forehead involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgement

47
Q

parietal lobes

A

receives sensory input for touch and body position

48
Q

occipital lobes

A

recieve information primarlily from the oppsoite ear

49
Q

otor cortex

A

and area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

50
Q

somatosenroy cortex

A

area that the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

51
Q

association areas

A

areas of the involved cerbral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or seneroy functions rater they are involved in higher mental functions

52
Q

plasticity

A

the brains ability to change especially during childhood by reorganing after damage or by building new pathways

53
Q

corpus callosum

A

the large band of nuereal fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres

54
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdiscplinary study of the brain activity with congiton

55
Q

dual processing

A

the principle tht information is often simulatonesly processed on spereate conscius and unconsouious tracks

56
Q

genome

A

the complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the gentic material in that organisms chromsomes

57
Q

molecular genetics

A

the subfield of biology that studes the molecular strcte and funtion of genese

58
Q

heirtability

A

the proportion of variation among individals that we can attribute to genes the heritability of a tait may vary depending on the range of populations and eviroments studied.

59
Q

epigentics

A

the study of enviormental influneces on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

60
Q

mutation

A

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Ap Psychology (7 decks)

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