Modules 26-30

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Question 2

Associative learning

Answer 2

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimulus (as in classical conditioning) or a response and it’s consequences (as in operant conditioning)

Question 3

Stimulus

Answer 3

Any event or situation that evokes a response

Question 4

Cognitive learning

Answer 4

The actuation of mental information whether by observing events by watching others or through language

Question 5

Classical conditioning

Answer 5

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli an anticipate events

Question 6

Behaviorism

Answer 6

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist today agree the first part but not the second

Question 7

Nurtured stimulus (NS)

Answer 7

In classical conditioning s stimulus that elictics no response before conditioning

Question 8

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 8

In classical conditioned an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 9

In classical condtioning a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a response

Question 10

Conditioned response

Answer 10

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 11

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 11

In classical conditioning but originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with the unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 12

Acquisition

Answer 12

In classical conditioning the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response and operant conditioning in the strengthening of a reinforced response

Question 13

Higher order conditioning

Answer 13

A procedure in which the condition stimulus in one condition and experience is paired with the new neutral stimulus creating a second condition stimulus for example an animal that has learned that at tone predicts food might then learns that a light predicts a Tone and begin responding to the lake alone

Question 14

Extinction

Answer 14

The diminishing of a conditioned response occurs in classical conditioning when unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus occurs in operant conditioning a response is no longer reinforced

Question 15

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 15

The reappearance after a pause of a Extingusihed conditioned response

Question 16

Generalization

Answer 16

The tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 17

Discrimination

Answer 17

In classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus

Question 18

Operant conditioning

Answer 18

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished If followed by a punisher

Question 19

Law of effect

Answer 19

Throndlikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 20

Operant chamber

Answer 20

Skinners box

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

In operant conditioning any events that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 22

Shaping

Answer 22

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 23

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 23

In operant conditioning a stimulus that elicts a response after association with reinforcement

Question 24

Positive reinforcement

Answer 24

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response

Question 25

Negative reinforcement

Answer 25

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli w negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response

Question 26

Primary reinforcer

Answer 26

An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

Question 27

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 27

A stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer also known as a secondary reinforcer

Question 28

Reinforcement schedule

Answer 28

A pattern that defines how often the desired response will be reinforced

Question 29

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 30

Partial reinforcement

Answer 30

Reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisitions of response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Question 31

Fixed ratio schuedle

Answer 31

In operant conditioning a reinforcement schuedle that reinforced a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 32

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 32

In operant conditioning a reinforcement schudele thay to forced a response after an unpredictable number of reponses

Question 33

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 33

In operant conditioning a reinforcement schudele that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed

Question 34

Variable interval schedule

Answer 34

In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 35

Punishment

Answer 35

And event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Question 36

Learning

Answer 36

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Question 37

Biofeedback

Answer 37

A system for electronically recording amplifying in feeding back information regarding a subtle pyschological state such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Question 38

Respondent behavior

Answer 38

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 39

Operant behavior

Answer 39

Behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

Question 40

Cognitive map

Answer 40

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment for example after exploring amaze rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

Question 41

Latent learning

Answer 41

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is a incentive to demonstrate it

Question 42

Insight

Answer 42

A sudden realization of a problem solution

Question 43

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 43

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 44

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 44

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Question 45

Coping

Answer 45

Alleviating stress using emotional cognitive behavioral methods

Question 46

Problem focusing coping

Answer 46

Attempt to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Question 47

Emotion focused coping

Answer 47

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring the stressor and attempting to emotional needs related to ones stressor reaction

Question 48

Learned helplessness

Answer 48

The hopelessness and passive resignation and animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 49

External locus of control

Answer 49

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond her personal control determine our fate

Question 50

Internal locus of control

Answer 50

The perception that you control your own fate

Question 51

Self control

Answer 51

The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long term rewards

Question 52

Observational learning

Answer 52

Learning by observing others also called social learning

Question 53

Modeling

Answer 53

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 54

Mirror neurons

Answer 54

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientist believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing the brains mirroring of another action may enable imitation and empathy

Question 55

Pro social behavior

Answer 55

Positive constructive helpful behavior the opposite of antisocial behavior