Modules 26-30 Flashcards
Habituation
An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
Associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimulus (as in classical conditioning) or a response and it’s consequences (as in operant conditioning)
Stimulus
Any event or situation that evokes a response
Cognitive learning
The actuation of mental information whether by observing events by watching others or through language
Classical conditioning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli an anticipate events
Behaviorism
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist today agree the first part but not the second
Nurtured stimulus (NS)
In classical conditioning s stimulus that elictics no response before conditioning
Unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioned an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
In classical condtioning a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a response
Conditioned response
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning but originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with the unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response
Acquisition
In classical conditioning the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response and operant conditioning in the strengthening of a reinforced response
Higher order conditioning
A procedure in which the condition stimulus in one condition and experience is paired with the new neutral stimulus creating a second condition stimulus for example an animal that has learned that at tone predicts food might then learns that a light predicts a Tone and begin responding to the lake alone
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response occurs in classical conditioning when unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus occurs in operant conditioning a response is no longer reinforced
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance after a pause of a Extingusihed conditioned response
Generalization
The tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Discrimination
In classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished If followed by a punisher
Law of effect
Throndlikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Operant chamber
Skinners box
Reinforcement
In operant conditioning any events that strengthens the behavior it follows
Shaping
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Discriminative stimulus
In operant conditioning a stimulus that elicts a response after association with reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response
Negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli w negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response
Primary reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned reinforcer
A stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer also known as a secondary reinforcer
Reinforcement schedule
A pattern that defines how often the desired response will be reinforced
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisitions of response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Fixed ratio schuedle
In operant conditioning a reinforcement schuedle that reinforced a response only after a specified number of responses
Variable ratio schedule
In operant conditioning a reinforcement schudele thay to forced a response after an unpredictable number of reponses
Fixed interval schedule
In operant conditioning a reinforcement schudele that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed
Variable interval schedule
In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Punishment
And event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
Learning
The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
Biofeedback
A system for electronically recording amplifying in feeding back information regarding a subtle pyschological state such as blood pressure or muscle tension
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment for example after exploring amaze rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is a incentive to demonstrate it
Insight
A sudden realization of a problem solution
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Extrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Coping
Alleviating stress using emotional cognitive behavioral methods
Problem focusing coping
Attempt to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
Emotion focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring the stressor and attempting to emotional needs related to ones stressor reaction
Learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation and animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
External locus of control
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond her personal control determine our fate
Internal locus of control
The perception that you control your own fate
Self control
The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long term rewards
Observational learning
Learning by observing others also called social learning
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that some scientist believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing the brains mirroring of another action may enable imitation and empathy
Pro social behavior
Positive constructive helpful behavior the opposite of antisocial behavior
