Modules 16-21

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

The process of organizing And interpreting sensory information,enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Question 2

Bottom- up processing

Answer 2

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information

Question 3

Top down processing

Answer 3

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing out experience and expectations

Question 4

Selective attention

Answer 4

The focusing of conscious awarness on a particular stimulus

Question 5

Inattentional blindness

Answer 5

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Question 6

Change blindness

Answer 6

Failing to notice changes in the environment

Question 7

Transduction

Answer 7

Conversion of one form of energy into another in sensation the transforming of stimulus energies such as sights sounds and smells into nueral impulses our brain can interpret

Question 8

Pyschophysics

Answer 8

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them

Question 9

Absolute threshold

Answer 9

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

Question 10

Signal detection theory

Answer 10

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience expectations motivation and alertness

Question 11

Subliminal

Answer 11

Helped ones absolute threshold for conscious awarness

Question 12

Priming

Answer 12

The activation often unconsciously of certain associations this predisposing ones perception memory or response

Question 13

Difference threshold

Answer 13

The minimum diffenence between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference

Question 14

Webers law

Answer 14

The principle that to be perceived as different two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

Question 15

Sensory adaptation

Answer 15

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant simulation

Question 16

Perceptual set

Answer 16

A mental predisposition to percieved one thing and not another

Question 17

Hue

Answer 17

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light what we know as the color name blue green and so forth

Question 18

Intensity

Answer 18

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we percieve as brightness or loudness as determined by the waves amplitude

Question 19

Rods

Answer 19

Retinal receptors that detect black white and gray necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond

Question 20

Cones

Answer 20

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions the cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

Question 21

Optic nerve

Answer 21

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Question 22

Blind spot

Answer 22

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there

Question 23

Fovea

Answer 23

The central focal point in the retina around which the eyes cones cluster

Question 24

Feature detectors

Answer 24

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape angle or movement

Question 25

Parallel processing

Answer 25

The processing of many aspects of a problem stimultanosly the brains natural mode of information processing for Many functions including vision contrast with the step by step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

Question 26

Young helmeholtz trichimatic theory

Answer 26

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors one most sensitive to red one to green one to blue which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

Question 27

Opponent process theory

Answer 27

The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision

Question 28

Gestalt

Answer 28

An organizing whole gestalt psychologist emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Question 29

Figure ground

Answer 29

To organza ruin of the visual field into objects that stands out from their surroundings

Question 30

Depth perception

Answer 30

The ability to see objects in 3D although the images that strike the retina are 2d allows us to judge distance

Question 31

Phi phenomenon

Answer 31

An illusion of movement crated when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick sucrssionn

Question 32

Frequency theory

Answer 32

In hearing the theory that the rate of nevrve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch

Question 33

Kinesthesia

Answer 33

The system for sending the position and movement of individual body parts

Question 34

Vestibular sense

Answer 34

The sense of body movement and portion including the sense of balance

Question 35

Sensory interaction

Answer 35

The Príncipe that one sense may influence another as when the smell of food influences it’s taste

Question 36

Embodied congintion

Answer 36

In psychological science the influence of bodily sensations gestures and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements

Question 37

Sensation

Answer 37

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment