Modules 4-5 Flashcards
nucleus
Genetic material: DNA
Rough ER
Makes Proteins
Smooth ER stores?
Stores calcium
Smooth ER makes?
fats, lipids, carbs, steroids
Ribosomes
Make proteins through Translation
what is Translation?
mRNA -> proteins
Where does translation occur?
In the ribosomes on the rough ER
Transcription?
DNA-> RNA
where does transcription happen?
Nucleus
Lysosome
Contains Digestive enzymes and breaks down material
Vesicles
Membrane Bound sack made from plasma membrane used to transport things through cell
three main parts of Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments
Functions of Cytoskeleton
Hold cell structure
Provide a highway for transporting material inside the cell
Microfilaments are made of
Actin filaments
microfilaments
Structure, support for microvilli, Contractility, movement
Intermediate Filaments
Mechanical strength
Microtubules
Hollow
Microtubules are made of
tubulin
Golgi apparatus
Post office!
Peroxisomes
Detoxify the cell
Breaks down fatty acids and amino acids into Hydrogen Peroxide
uses catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide( which is Toxic)
Hydrogen Peroxide is a breakdown product from the lysosomes
Proteasomes
Break down protiens
Ubiquitin
Marker molecule that tells if protein should be broken down by proteasome
Central Dogma
Where transcription and translation happen
Three types of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
pinocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
What is Phagocytosis?
Uses Pseudopodia to pull bacteria into the cell
Pinocytosis
Uses Invagination to allow bacteria to sink into the cell and pinch off.
What must endocytosis and exocytosis have to function?
APT
Receptor mediated Endocytosis
Same as pinocytosis but it must have ligand attach to receptor to trigger function. Specific to what it take in
Exocytosis
Accumulated vesicle secretions are expelled from the cell
which type of vesicle helps with exocytosis?
Secretory Vesicles
examples of exocytosis
Secretion of digestive enzymes by pancreas
secretions of mucous by salivary glads
secretion of milk by mammary glands
Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane bound with nuclear pores
Mitochondria
Power house: Major site of ATP synthesis
Mitochondria membranes
Cristae and matrix
Cristae
Infolding’s of inner membranes
Matrix
Space of the interior of the mitochonrion
How does oxygen pass through the plasma membrane?
Simple diffusion
How do fats and lipids pass through the plasma membrane?
Simple diffusion
How do ions pass through the plasma membrane?
Facilitated diffusion
How does glucose pass through the plasma membrane?
Facilitated diffusion
Carbon dioxide pass through the plasma membrane?
Simple diffusion
how do fat soluble vitamins pass through the plasma membrane?
Simple diffusion
all channels are…
facilitated
what is Primary active transport?
anything that uses ATP directly
main purpose of Primary active transport
creates the gradient
facilitated diffusion
hydrophilic particles
simple diffusion
hydrophobic particles
Osmotic pressure
force required to prevent water from moving across a semi-permeable membrane?
What 6 things influence the rate of diffusion?
Magnitude of concentration Temp. of Solution Size of diffusing molecules or ions Viscosity of solvent Surface area Distance
Channels are always what?
OPEN
carrier proteins are what?
Only open on one side at the time
What is absolute refractory period?
period of time where action potentials can’t occur.. No stimulus is high enough to create another action potential…
What is the relative refractory period?
where an action potential can occur but isn’t likely because it is hyperpolarized.
What are two types of integral proteins
carrier and channel
Alpha subunits do what?
dissociate
when do the voltage gates for K+ and Na+ open?
at thresh hold
What are graded potentials?
deviations from RMP the may or may not cause an action potential.
What needs to happen to happen to create an action potential
Na+ voltage gate needs to be at RMP
what is it called when there is one cellular particle traveling through a channel by itself
Uniport
What is it called when there are two cellular particles traveling through a channel in the same direction?
Symport
What is it called when there are two cellular particles traveling in different directions through a channel?
Antiport
Hyperkalemia
decreases the potential for K+ to leave the cell-
Erythema
Hyponaterimia
Low amounts of Na+ outside the cell-Nothing happens
Hypokalemia
Increases potential for K+ to leave the cell
Hypernatremia
Higher amounts of blood outside the cell- nothing happens.
what are glycoproteins and glycolipids
marker molecules
the more frequent the action potential, the more powerful the ______.
Stimulus
what effect on the resting potential would I have if I increased the extracellular K+
depolarization
What effect on the RMp would I have if I increased the permeability to Na+
Depolarization
What effect would I have on the RMP if I increased the extracellular Na+
No effect
What effect on RMP do I have if i doubled the # of K+ leak channels
Hyperpolarization
