exam #1 Flashcards
Integumentary System:
hair, skin, nails, sweat glands (functions to protect body from damage, control body temperature, impede loss of water, assist in production of vitamin D).
Skeletal System:
bones, related cartilage, joints, ligaments (framework of the body; lends support, protection, creates blood cells, permits movement, and provides storage for fat and minerals).
Muscular System:
muscles and tendons (facilitate movement, generate body heat, and sustain posture).
Lymphatic System
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, various organs (eliminates foreign materials from circulation, fight illness, regulate tissue fluid level, absorbs fatty acids contained in the digestive tract).
Respiratory System:
: lungs, airways, respiratory muscles (exchanges molecules of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the external environment and the blood. Also maintains blood pH).
Digestive System:
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and various organs (mechanical and chemical digestion of food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling waste products from the body).
Nervous System:
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors (sensory perception, exercising control over body movement, cognitive reasoning, and vast array of physiological processes).
Endocrine System:
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, and glands (release of hormones; influences growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and other physiological processes).
Cardiovascular System:
heart, blood vessels, blood (utilizes blood as vehicle; distributes gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Also helps with immune response and body temperature
Urinary System
kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra (maintain blood pH, regulate water balance, expel waste products from blood).
Reproductive System:
The female reproductive system includes ovaries, uterus, mammary glands, vagina, and other structures (produces oocytes, provides location for fertilization and fetal development. Also produces hormones which facilitate lactation and sexual behaviors and functions). The male reproductive system includes the penis, testes, various other structures (production of sperm cells and hormones which facilitate sexual behaviors and functions).
Superior:
above (ex: head is superior to feet).
Inferior:
below (ex: feet are inferior to the head)
Cephalic:
relative term meaning nearer to the head (ex: collar bone is cephalic to the sternum).
Caudal
relative term meaning nearer to the tail (ex: sternum is caudal to the collar bone).
Anterior
toward the front of the body (ex: the nose is anterior to the brain).
Posterior
toward the back of the body (ex: the brain is posterior to the nose)
Ventral:
toward the belly; equivalent to anterior (ex: the breast is ventral to the spine)
Dorsal
toward the back; equivalent to posterior (ex: the spine is dorsal to the breast)
Proximal:
nearer to point of reference or attachment (ex: the shoulder is proximal to the elbow or the elbow is proximal to the wrist)
Distal:
farther away from a point of reference or attachment (ex: the elbow is distal to the shoulder or the wrist is distal to the elbow.
Lateral:
away from the median plane of the body (ex: the shoulder is lateral to the head or the ear is lateral to the brain
Medial:
toward median plane of the body (ex: the head is medial to the shoulder or the nose is medial to the cheek).
Superficial
toward, at, or pertaining to the surface (ex: the skin is superficial to the muscles).
Deep:
away from or below the surface (ex: the muscles are deep to the skin).
a- or an-
without or lacking (ex: anorexia)
ab-
away from (ex: abduct)
ad-
toward or adjacent to (ex: adduct)
anti-
against, opposed, or inhibitive (ex: antihistamine)
arthr-
joint (ex: arthroscopy)
auto-
self (ex: autoimmune disease)
bi-
two (ex: biceps)
bio-
life (ex: biology)
carcin-
cancer or tumor (ex: carcinogen)
cardio-
heart (ex: cardiology)
cephal-
head (ex: encephalitis)
cerebro-
brain (ex: CVA or cerebrovascular accident)
chondr-
cartilage (ex: chondrogenesis)
circum-
around or round about (ex: circumcision)
co-
with or together (ex: cofactor)
contra-
against or in opposition to (ex: contraindication)
derm-
skin (ex: dermatologist)
di-
two (ex: disaccharide)
dys-
difficult or abnormal (ex: dyslexia)
ecto-
outside or external (ex: ectopic)
-ectomy
to excise or cut out (ex: cholecystectomy)
endo-
inside or within (ex: endocardium)
epi-
upon or above (ex: epidermis
erythro-
red (ex: erythrocyte)
eu-
well, good, or true (ex: eukaryote)
ex-
out of or outside (ex: excretion)
glyco-
sweet or sugar (ex: glycogenolysis)
hemi-
half (ex: hemipalegia)
hepat-
liver (ex: hepatocyte)
hist-
tissue (ex: histology)
hydro-
water or liquid (ex: hydrocele)
hyper-
in excess (ex: hyperglycemia)
hypo-
below normal or under (ex: hypoglycemia)
infra-
beneath or underneath (ex: infrapatellar)
inter-
between (ex: interosseous)
intra-
within or inside of (ex: intramuscular)
iso-
equal (ex: isotope)
leuko-
white (ex: leukocytosis)
macro-
large (ex: macrophage)
melano-
black (ex: melanoma)
micro-
small (ex: microscope)
mono-
one (ex: monosaccharide)
multi-
many or multiple (ex: multicellular
myo-
muscle (ex: myocardial infarction)
neo-
new (ex: neovascularization)
nephro-
kidney (ex: cystic nephron)
neuro-
nerve (ex: neuroglia)
oculo-
eye (ex: ocular)
odonto-
tooth (ex: orthodontist)
oligo-
deficient or few (ex: oligochromemia)
opthalm-
eye (ex: ophthalmology)
osteo-
bone (ex: osteoporosis)
oto-
ear (ex: otology)
para-
alongside or beyond (ex: parathyroid glands)
peri-
around (ex: pericardium)
pneumo-
air or gas; pertaining to the lungs (ex: pneumonia)
pod-
foot (ex: podiatrist)
poly-
many or much (ex: polysaccharide)
post-
behind or after (ex: post-traumatic)
pre- or pro-
prior to or in front of (ex: prehypertension
pseudo-
false (ex: pseudostratified epithelium)
sarco
flesh (ex: sarcomere)
semi-
half or partially (ex: semipermeable)
sclero-
Hard (ex: scleroderma)
somato-
body (ex: somatic)
steno-
narrow or close (ex: aortic stenosis)
sub-
below or under (ex: subclavian)
sym- or syn-
with or together (ex: symphysis pubis and synchondrosis)
tachy-
fast or rapid (ex: tachycardia)
trans-
across or through (ex: transcutaneous)
viscer-
pertaining to internal organs (ex: visceral fat)
-able
capable of (ex: teachable)
-algia
pain (ex: fibromyalgia)
-blast
bud, usually referring to cells which are primitive in nature (ex: Chondroblast)
-clast
pertaining to breaking or tearing down (ex: osteoclast)
-cyte
cell (ex: hepatocyte)
-duct
to lead or draw (ex: adduct and abduct)
-emia
blood (ex: leukemia)
-genesis
origin or production (ex: glycogenesis)
-gram
A drawing (ex: sonogram)
-graph
instrument used to record (ex: angiography)
-itis
inflammation (ex: tonsilitis)
-logy
study of (ex: cardiology)
-lysis
to break down or decompose (ex: glycogenolysis)
-oid
resembling (ex: arachnoid mater)
-oma
tumor (ex: carcinoma)
-pathy
disease or disorder (ex: cardiomyopathy)
-phag
to eat or to feed (ex: phagocytosis)
-phil
to love or have an affinity for (ex: hydrophilic)
-stasis
stop or stable state (ex: homeostasis)
-stomy
surgical procedure in which an artificial opening is established (ex: colostomy)
ACh
acetylcholine
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
ANS
autonomic nervous system
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
AMP
adenosine monophosphate
cAMP
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CO2
carbon dioxide
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
ECG/EKG
electrocardiogram
FAD
flavin adenine diphosphate
FADH2
reduced flavin adenine diphosphate
GMP
guanosine monophosphate
cGMP
cyclic guanosine monophosphate
H+
hydrogen ion (acid)
H2CO3
carbonic acid
HCO3-
bicarbonate ion
H2O2
hydrogen peroxide
HCl
hydrochloric acid
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
HR
heart rate
Kg
kilogram
L
liter
LDL
low-density lipoprotein
mOsm
milliosmole
mV
millivolt
Na+
sodium ion
NaCl
sodium chloride
NAD+
nicotinamide adenine dinucletide
NADH
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucletide
NH3
ammonia
NH4
ammonium
NO
nitric oxide
O2
oxygen
OH-
hydroxide
Pi
inorganic phosphate
average human body temp
98.6
normal range for boy temp
98.4-98.8
Alpha Cells (glucagon)
Increase blood sugar
beta cells (insulin)
Decrease blood pressure
What causes the uterus to contract during child birth?
positive feedback ( oxytocin is released from pituitary gland)
Increase in TRH causes…. which causes….
increase in TSH which causes increase in Thyroid hormone
Thyroid Hormones and what do they do
T3 and T4 Increase metabolism, growth and development, increased catecholamine effect
person laying on their back with palms up
supine
person laying face down
prone
medial
towards the center of the body
lateral
away from center of body
bone matrix
organic? (rebar)
Inorganic? (cement)
like reinforced concrete
organic- collagen and proteoglycans (rebar)
Inorganic- Hydroxyapatite. CaPO4 crystals (cement)
what 4 elements are our bodies mostly made of?
Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
Electrolytes
Ions
- Dissociation of cations and anions in water
- conduct electricity
Non-electrolytes
not and ion
Glucose surrounded by water
Glucose formula
C6 H12 O6
avogadro’s number
6.02 X 10^23
percent solution .9%
100ml of solvent+ .9 grams (water in 1st)
Molarity of a solution
58 grams of salt, then fill to 1 liter (water in last)
Water
cohesion and adhesion stabilizing body temp - high heat capacity -High heat of vaporization protection -lubricant, cushion participates in chemical reactions serves as a mixing medium and solvent
blood pH
7.35-7.45
What is it called when blood goes below 7.35?
acidosis
what is it called when blood goes above 7.45?
Alkalosis
bicarb buffer system and what does it do?
CO2+H2OH2CO3H^+ + HCO3^-
resists changes in Ph
CO2+H2OH2CO3H^+ + HCO3^-
what is the conjugate base?
HCO3^-
Bicarb
CO2+H2OH2CO3H^+ + HCO3^-
what is the weak acid?
H2CO3
Carbonic acid
what are the major organic molecules necessary for life? (5)
Carbohydrates lipids portions nucleic acids ATP
what do we use Carbohydrates for?
things we use for energy
Lipids
Energy and structure
Proteins
Structure
Nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
what are carbs made up of and what is the ratio?
C,H,O
1:2:1
Three groups of Carbs
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Three types of monosaccharides
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Types of Disaccharides
sucrose
Maltose
lactose
How is sucrose made?
Glucose+ Fructose
How is maltose made?
Glucose+ Glucose
How is Lactose made?
Glucose+ Galactose
What is a polysaccharide?
3+ chains of glucose
how do we know which enzymes break down certain disaccharides?
drop one and add ace
what polysaccharides cannot be broken down by the human body?
Cellulose
two types of starches?
Amylose
-Amylopectin
Glycogen
storage form of carbs in animals (liver and skeletal muscles)
which one breaks down faster, amylopectin or amylose?
Amylopectin because it has more branches and exposed glucose molecules
Three types of Polysaccharides?
starches, Fibers, and glycogen
Two types of fiber
Soluble- Pectins
Insoluble- Cellulose
What are sugars?
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
Saturated fats are——– at room temperature
Are they healthy?
Solid
No
What is Stearin?
Saturated Triglyceride
two types of unsaturated fatty acids
cis and Trans
Where are the hydrogen found on cis bonds
same side of the double covalent bond
where are the hydrogen found on trans bonds
opposite sides of the double covalent bond
Cis bonds are —— at room temp
are they healthy?
Liquid
Yes
Trans bonds are —— at room temp
Solid
which one has a longer shelf life? cis or trans
Trans
Which one increases LDL the most? cis or trans?
trans
Trans bonds are partially ——
hydrogenated
how do you make a phospholipid?
two fatty acid chains and one phosphate group
why does the liver make bile?
makes it so the fat will mix with the water and it has a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part
what type of bonds make proteins?
peptide covalent bonds
What are the two major classes of proteins?
Fibrous and Globular
Fibrous proteins are…
Strong
structure
like rope and cables
Cartilage, tendons,bone, ligaments
Globular proteins are…
Not for strength
Fragile and can be denatured
Enzymes and hemoglobin
Enzymes are…
globular protein that allows chemical reactions to take place
how do you denature an enzyme?
Heat them up too high
Prolactin (PRL)
increases milk production
What are two ways to increase milk production?
Increase PRL released from pituitary gland
or
Increase the number of PRL receptors in breast tissue
What is high fructose corn syrup?
45% -glucose 55% -fructose
Glucose made into Fructose artificially
