Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Introduction to psychology > Modules 17-18 > Flashcards

Modules 17-18 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is bottom-up processing

A

Sensory analysis that begins at the entry level, with information flowing from the sensory receptors to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is top-down processing

A

Information processing guided by high-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions by filtering information through our experience and expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the signal detection theory

A
  • Predicts how and when we will detect a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
  • Individual thresholds vary depending on the strength of the signal and on our experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the absolute threshold

A

-The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
-Tested by defining the point where half the time a stimulus is detected and half the time it is not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the subliminal threshold

A

Input below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a subliminal stimuli

A

Subliminal stimuli are those that are too weak to detect 50 percent of the time; they are below the absolute threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a subliminal sensation

A

Subliminal sensation exists, but such sensations are too fleeting to enable exploitation with subliminal messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a subliminal persuasion

A

Subliminal persuasion may produce a fleeting and subtle but not powerful or enduring effect on behavior (Greenwald, 1992).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the difference threshold

A

Minimum difference that a person can detect between any two stimuli half the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a perceptual set

A

Mental tendencies and assumptions that affect (top-down) what we hear, taste, feel, and see.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what determines our perceptual set

A

-Schemas organize and interpret unfamiliar information through experience.
-Preexisting schemas influence top-down processing of ambiguous sensation interpretation, including gender stereotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are context effects

A

A given stimulus may trigger different perceptions because of the immediate context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do emotions influence our perception

A
  • Walking destinations look farther away when we are fatigued.
  • Slopes look steeper when we are wearing a heavy backpack (or after listening to sad, heavy classical music).
  • Water bottles look closer when we are thirst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a wavelength

A

Distance from the peak of one light wave or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the intensity

A

Amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the wave’s amplitude (height

19
Q

what is the hue

A

Dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.

20
Q

what does the perceived light hue depend on

A

its wavelength

21
Q

what does lights brightness depend on

A

its intensity

22
Q

brighter colours =

A

greater amplitudes

23
Q

high frequency =

A

bluish colors

24
Q

what is the cornea

A

Portion of the eye through which light passes (to the pupil and lens) and is bent to help provide focus

25
Q

what is the pupil

A

A small adjustable opening through which the light then passes

26
Q

what is the iris

A

A colored muscle surrounding the pupil that controls its size

27
Q

what is the lens

A

Focuses incoming light rays onto an image on the retina on the eyeball’s sensitive inner surface

28
Q

what is the retina

A

Contains two types of receptors: rods and cones
Has layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

29
Q

what is accommodation

A

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

30
Q

Cones:
number, location in retina, sensitivity in dim light, color sensitivity, detail sensitivity

A
  • 6 million
  • center
  • low
  • high
  • high
31
Q

Rods:
number, location in retina, sensitivity in dim light, color sensitivity, detail sensitivity

A
  • 120 million
  • Periphery
  • High
  • Low
  • Low
32
Q

retinal processing: optic nerve

A

Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

33
Q

retinal processing: blind spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, where no receptor cells are located

34
Q

retinal processing: fovea

A

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

35
Q

how is colour processed

A
  • Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory: The retina’s red, green, and blue cones respond in varying degrees to different color stimuli.
  • Hering’s opponent-process theory: Cones’ responses are then processed by opponent-process cells.
36
Q

what are feature detectors

A

Specialized nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
These cells receive information from the ganglion cells in the retina.
They pass the information to other cortical areas, where teams of cells (supercell clusters) respond to more complex patterns.

37
Q

what does Gestalt mean

A

: An organized whole

38
Q

what is figure-ground in form perception

A

The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground

39
Q

what is grouping in form perception

A

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

40
Q

what are examples of grouping

A

proximity, continuity and closure

41
Q

what is depth perception

A

The ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional
Allows us to judge distance
Is present, at least in part, at birth in humans and other animals

42
Q

what are binocular cues

A

Two eyes help with perception of depth

43
Q

what are monocular cues

A

Depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone

44
Q

what is perceptual constancy

A

Objects are perceived as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size), even as illumination and retinal images change.

Introduction to psychology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions