Module 23-24-25 Flashcards
What is retrieval
getting information out of storage
3 stages of memory
encoding, storing, retrieval
The (Atkinson-Schiffrin) three stage model of memory includes
sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory
True or false: some information skips the first two stages and enters long term memory automatically
true
Example of automatic processing
-space :place of a picture on a page
-time: unintentionally noting the events that take place in a day
-frequency: keeping track of things that happen to you.
Effrotful learning usually requires…
rehearsal or conscious repetition
what is the spacing effect
we retain information better when we rehearse over time
what is the serial position effect
when your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.
three different ways of encoding
by meaning, by images, by organization
what is encoding meaning
Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine. Encoding meaning (semantic encoding) results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding.
what is encoding by images
Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
encoding that combines images and organization
mnemonics
different types of organizational encoding
chunking and hierarchies
duration of sensory memory for the different senses
- iconic 0.5 sec
- echoic 3-4 sec
- hepatic under a second
sensory memory recall is less effective when
there is a delay in the recall
working memory capacity
5-9 things for 20 seconds
what can improve short term memory
chunking
long term memory capacity
essentially limitless
what does long term-potentiation refer to
synaptic enhancement after learning (Lynch, 2002). An increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strengthening of synapses.
what are flashbulb memories
clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events
what is explicit memory
facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
what is implicit memory
involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what she knows.
what processes explicit memory
the hippocampus
what is anterograde amnesia
when you can remember things before the operation but can’t make new memories
HM can make new procedural memories but not declarative memories because…
his implicit memory is intact but not his explicit
what brain structure processes implicit memories
the cerebellum
different types of retrieval
recognition, recall, relearning
what are retrieval cues
anchors that help retrieve memory
what is priming
activating one of the strands that leads to the memory through the web of associations
context effect
Scuba divers recall more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, while they recall more words on land if they learned that list on land
what is deja vu
Déjà Vu means “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
what effect does mood have on memory
We usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood (state-dependent memory). Emotions, or moods, serve as retrieval cues. Our memories are mood-congruent
