Module 23-24-25

Question 1

What is retrieval

Answer 1

getting information out of storage

Question 2

3 stages of memory

Answer 2

encoding, storing, retrieval

Question 3

The (Atkinson-Schiffrin) three stage model of memory includes

Answer 3

sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory

Question 4

True or false: some information skips the first two stages and enters long term memory automatically

Answer 4

true

Question 5

Example of automatic processing

Answer 5

-space :place of a picture on a page
-time: unintentionally noting the events that take place in a day
-frequency: keeping track of things that happen to you.

Question 6

Effrotful learning usually requires…

Answer 6

rehearsal or conscious repetition

Question 7

what is the spacing effect

Answer 7

we retain information better when we rehearse over time

Question 8

what is the serial position effect

Answer 8

when your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.

Question 9

three different ways of encoding

Answer 9

by meaning, by images, by organization

Question 10

what is encoding meaning

Answer 10

Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine. Encoding meaning (semantic encoding) results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding.

Question 11

what is encoding by images

Answer 11

Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Question 12

encoding that combines images and organization

Answer 12

mnemonics

Question 13

different types of organizational encoding

Answer 13

chunking and hierarchies

Question 14

duration of sensory memory for the different senses

Answer 14

• iconic 0.5 sec
• echoic 3-4 sec
• hepatic under a second

Question 15

sensory memory recall is less effective when

Answer 15

there is a delay in the recall

Question 16

working memory capacity

Answer 16

5-9 things for 20 seconds

Question 17

what can improve short term memory

Answer 17

chunking

Question 18

long term memory capacity

Answer 18

essentially limitless

Question 19

what does long term-potentiation refer to

Answer 19

synaptic enhancement after learning (Lynch, 2002). An increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strengthening of synapses.

Question 20

what are flashbulb memories

Answer 20

clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events

Question 21

what is explicit memory

Answer 21

facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Question 22

what is implicit memory

Answer 22

involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what she knows.

Question 23

what processes explicit memory

Answer 23

the hippocampus

Question 24

what is anterograde amnesia

Answer 24

when you can remember things before the operation but can’t make new memories

Question 25

HM can make new procedural memories but not declarative memories because…

Answer 25

his implicit memory is intact but not his explicit

Question 26

what brain structure processes implicit memories

Answer 26

the cerebellum

Question 27

different types of retrieval

Answer 27

recognition, recall, relearning

Question 28

what are retrieval cues

Answer 28

anchors that help retrieve memory

Question 29

what is priming

Answer 29

activating one of the strands that leads to the memory through the web of associations

Question 30

context effect

Answer 30

Scuba divers recall more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, while they recall more words on land if they learned that list on land

Question 31

what is deja vu

Answer 31

Déjà Vu means “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience

Question 32

what effect does mood have on memory

Answer 32

We usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood (state-dependent memory). Emotions, or moods, serve as retrieval cues. Our memories are mood-congruent