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Introduction to psychology > Module 9 - Sleep (Test 2) > Flashcards

Module 9 - Sleep (Test 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What sleep does

A
  • Essential biological process and need for wellbeing
  • Stimulates and reinforces immune function
  • Regulation of mood and stress processes
  • Consolidation of learning and memory
  • Maintenance of cognitive functions
  • Regeneration of energy stores of muscle and nerve cells
  • Regulation of functions such as blood glucose (disturbed metabolism, risk of weight gain)
  • Elimination of toxins
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2
Q

Polysomnography

A

A medical examination consisting of recording, during the patient’s sleep, several physiological variables

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3
Q

Laboratory assessments of sleep

A
  • Polysomnography
  • Respiratory and cardiac rhythm
  • Electroencephalogram
  • Electromyogram of the muscles of the arms of legs
  • Nocturnal blood-oxygen saturation
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4
Q

The sleep cycle

A
  • 90 minutes
  • stage 4 sleep decreases and REM sleep increases with every cyle
    Stage 1 - 4&raquo_space; 4 - 2&raquo_space; REM Sleep
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5
Q

Delta Waves

A

Stage 3-4 (Deep sleep)

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6
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Awake

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7
Q

Two stages with practically identical brain waves

A

Stage 1 and REM sleep

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8
Q

Circadian Rythms (Biological Clock)

A
  • Occur on a 24h cycle
  • Include sleep and wakefulness
  • Can be altered by artificial light
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9
Q

Light’s role in the circadian rhythm

A

Triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease (in the morning) melatonin from the pineal gland and increase (in the evening) it at nightfall

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10
Q

Night terrors

A

Confusion and terror but still asleep

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11
Q

Parasomnias happen in …

A

Deep sleep or REM sleep

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12
Q

Confusional Awakenings (P)

A

Episodes of confusion occuring during or after awakening

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13
Q

Sleepwalking (P)

A

Walking (or doing something else!) during sleep - Often due to sleep

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14
Q

Hallucinations (P)

A

Hypnagogic (while falling asleep) or hypnopompic (while awakening)

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15
Q

Sleep rhythms (P)

A

Repetitive movements of the muscles (head, neck)

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16
Q

Myoclonia (P)

A

Rapid muscular tremors while falling asleep

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17
Q

Sleep paralysis (P)

A

Muscle atonia during sleep

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18
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder (P)

A

Acting out dreams physically

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19
Q

Bruxism (P)

A

Grinding Teeth

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20
Q

Somniloquy (P)

A

Talking in your sleep

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21
Q

Enuresis (P)

A

Bed Wetting

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22
Q

Exploding head syndrome (P)

A

Intense migraine

23
Q

Narcolepsy (Gélineau disease)

A

Paradoxal sleep attacks that happen at any time

24
Q

Narcolepsy stats

A
  • 1 in 2800 people in North America
  • manifests in adolescence
  • gender ratio : 1:1
  • Multiple awakenings at night
25
Q

Can narcolepsy be cured?

A

No but symptoms can be treated with medication

26
Q

Narcolepsy treatments

A
  • Pharmacological treatment (modafinil) reduces falling asleep in 70% of cases
  • Low-dose antidepressants
  • Behavioural treatment: helping the person learn to live with the disease and reduce the risk of accidents
27
Q

Restless leg syndrome (Willis Ekbom syndrome) (D)

A
  • irresistible urge to move your legs during period of rest or inactivity
  • discomfort/pain
  • relieved or suppressed by movement
28
Q

Restless Leg Syndrome stats

A
  • 10% of Can. population (1/3 moderate to severe)
  • Stable or deteriorates up to age 70-80
  • Female:male ratio 2:1
  • 40-90 % positive family history
29
Q

Restless leg syndrome causes

A
  • Central nervous system disorder
  • Genetics
  • Iron deficiency ?
30
Q

Restless Leg syndrome treatments

A
  • Physical activities of mild to moderate intensity
  • leg massages
  • hot or cold bath
  • mental distraction
  • vitamin supplements (iron, magnesium, vitamin C)
  • dopamine agents
31
Q

Sleep apnea (D)

A

Respiratory disorder is characterized by frequent pauses in respiration (apnea) or decreased respiratory flow (hypopnea) , decrease of oxygen

32
Q

sleep apnea is 2 x more common in…

A

men

33
Q

Risk factors for sleep apnea

A
  • Obesity
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Certain abnormalities of the airways or jaws
  • Genetic factors
  • Neck Circumference
  • Nasal Obstruction
  • Alcohol consumption and smoking
  • Certain meds
  • Type 2 diabetes
34
Q

2 types of causes to sleep apnea

A

Obstructive and Neurological

35
Q

Obstructive causes

A
  • Overweight
  • Large tonsils
  • Excess of fatty tissue in the throat
  • Lower Jaw too short or recessed
36
Q

Neurological causes to sleep apnea

A

Central sleep apnea syndrome (CSAS)

37
Q

Apnea treatments

A

CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) device, dental prosthesis, positional therapies

38
Q

Effect of aging on sleep

A
  • Deterioration of the hypothalamus (age-related) affects circadian rhythms
  • Increase in cortisol level
  • Decreased sleep time due to reduction of the secretion of human growth hormone
  • Reduced sensitivity of the retina to light
39
Q

Insomnia (D)

A
  • Most common sleep disorder
40
Q

DSN definition of insomnia

A
  1. Difficulty initiating sleep ( 30mins+ 3x/week)
  2. Difficulty maintaining sleep ( frequent awakenings or problems falling asleep after awakenings)
  3. Early morning awakenings ( awakening with the inability to fall back to sleep again
  4. Has to interfere with a person’s life
41
Q

medical cause of insomnia

A

chronic pain, asthma, reflux, meds

42
Q

psychological cause of insomnia

A

depression, anxiety, stress, mania

43
Q

life causes of insomnia

A

children/parents, school, work, too many rotating shifts, habits.

44
Q

Predisposing factors of insomnia

A

Age, gender, family history, anxiety, etc.

45
Q

Preticipating factors of insomnia

A

(life bombs) : divorce, grief, etc

46
Q

Perpetuating factors of insomnia

A

(becomes a bad habit) : habits & behaviours, beliefs, attitudes

47
Q

Therapeutic strategies for insomnia

A
  • Relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, mediation, biofeedback, imagery
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy
  • Pharmacotherapy
48
Q

When should a person use pharmacotherapy to treat insomnia?

A
  • Situational insomnia ( stress, change of environment, time zone)
  • Initial therapy for chronic insomnia
  • Insomnia associated with a medical or psychiatric condition
49
Q

Types of pharmacological treatments for insomnia

A
  • benzodiazepine
  • other non-benzodiazepine hypnotics
  • Rx off-label antidepressants, anti-psychotics
  • antihistamines
  • natural products/otc (valerian, melatonin)
50
Q

Positive effects of using pharmacological treatments to treat insomnia

A
  • Reduction of sleep latency and awake time during the night
  • Reduction of the number of awakenings
  • Overall sleep time increase
51
Q

Negative effects of using pharmacological treatments to treat insomnia

A
  • Increase stage 2 sleep
  • Reduced stages 3-4 and REM sleep
  • Anterograde amnesia
52
Q

Risks and limitations of BZD and non-BZD

A
  • Cognitive, psychomotor, neuropsychological and residual daytime fatigue problems
  • Danger of abuse in people dependent on alcohol or other substances
  • 40% of patients don’t respond
  • special management in elderly and pregnant or breastfeeding women
53
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia

A
  1. Sleep hygiene (favourable conditions for sleeping)
  2. Behavioral (Restriction of time spent in bed)
  3. Cognitive ( Beliefs and attitudes)
54
Q

Why do we dream?

A
  1. To develop and preserve neural pathways
  2. To make sense of neural static
  3. To reflect cognitive developpement

Introduction to psychology (8 decks)

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