Modules 15-18 Learning outcomes

Question 1

L15 - Asking good questions:

Developing a topic / research question
- Generally is…

A literature review is…

Answer 1

• # 1 problem, question is too vague / general to be able to answer
• A literature review is a synopsis of what researchers know based on
  studies that have already been done on similar, relevant topics

Question 2

L15 - Asking good questions:

• Primary source
• Secondary source

Answer 2

• Original Materials
• Research paper, document, speech, or other sort of evidence written
• Report of Original findings

Secondary sources are one step removed from the original event/object
-Provide comments, interpretation and/or analysis of primary sources. Can also be a paper that was cited in another article

Question 3

L16 - Prediction
- prediction machine

• examples
• duck vs bunny
• Pre existing heuristics play a role

Answer 3

• our brains our prediction machines and arguably our greatest quality
• we dont see the world as it is, we see it how we predict it

October the majority ~80% saw a bird
Easter the majority ~85% saw a bunny
- The effect was greater in Children
- children reported bird catagories

Question 4

L17 - Normal distributions: Simple descriptive stats

Answer 4

• Mean (Average)

Median: The middle value

• Mode: The value that appears most frequently in the data set
• Range: The difference between the highest and lowest

Variance: The average of the squared differences from the Mean. It measures how spread out the values are

• Standard Deviation: The square root of the variance, representing the dispersion of the dataset relative to its mean (0sec +- 1 sec)

Question 5

L17 - Normal distributions:

Z scores
- numbers meaning
- what is it
- assumptions of z score
- Purpose

Answer 5

• Z score = 𝑋𝑖 −μ/σ
  X i = individual score & μ is the population mean
• σ = population standard deviation

Z scores are expressed in terms of standard deviations from their means
-Are a measure of how many standard deviations a raw score is below or above the population mean

-Need continuous variables
- Need to know the population mean & variance
* Data comes from a normally distributed population
* If the sample size is small, a z-score may not be appropriate

• Standardize a group of scores
• Compare scores from a measure/test to a normal distribution.
• Standardize a group of variables for
  comparison

Question 6

L17 - Normal distributions:

T scores very similar to Z but for groups

Alpha:

Answer 6

Alpha levels establish a likelihood of seeing a difference, when considering the error for a given measurement instrument
- Recorded score = true score + error
* Error = confounding variability in the measure

-Your chosen alpha dictates your p value

Question 7

L18 - Hypothesis:

• Null hypothesis
• Alternative hypthesis:

Answer 7

• Null means empty, no value, or NO CHANGE.
• The null hypothesis, AKA the default hypothesis. Expect no change
• You either accept it or reject a hypothesis

-The Alternative Hypothesis is states something is, will, or has , changed
- The stated hypothesis in a study is normally the alternative hypothesis

Question 8

L18 - Hypothesis:

Type 1 error

Type 2 error

Answer 8

A type I error is the rejection of a true null hypothesis (you state something has changed when it did not)
* Fire alarm rings and there is no fire
This is referred to as alpha (the chance of making a type I error) We use alpha to set our P value

A type II error is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis (you state something did not change, but it did)
* Fire alarm fails to ring when there is a fire
β or Beta is the calculated likelihood of creating a type II error (not recognising a change when it occurred)