Module 7-9 Learning Outcomes Flashcards
Ways of thinking - Appeal to authority
Definition:
Factors to consider:
-A logical fallacy where a claim is accepted based on the authority of the
person making the claim, rather than the strength of the evidence or logical
reasoning supporting it.
– Verify the expertise
– Assess the relevance
– Evaluate the consensus
– Consider potential biases
– Analyze the argument
– Recognize fallibility
– Seek out diverse perspectives
Ways of thinking - Deductive reasoning
Defintion:
Key features:
-Drawing specific conclusions based on general principles or premises
- Starts with general principles or premises
– Conclusions are logically derived from the premises
– Guarantees a true conclusion if the premises are true
Ways of thinking - inductive reasoning
Definition:
Key features:
-Drawing general conclusions based on specific observations or experiences
-Starts with specific observations or experiences
– Generalizes or predictions based on limited information
– Provides strong evidence for a conclusion but does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion, even if the premises are true
Ways of thinking - abductive reasoning
Definition:
Key features:
- Forming a hypothesis or explanation based on limited or incomplete
evidence, deemed the most likely or plausible explanation given the available information
-Also known as inference to the best explanation
– Involves generating hypotheses based on available evidence
– Does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion or explanation
Ways of thinking - study focus
- understand difference between deductive, inductive, and
abductive reasoning. - Recognize the appeal to authority fallacy and know how to evaluate
such arguments - Be able to identify examples of each type of reasoning and the appeal to
authority fallacy in real-world scenarios
-Understand the potential limitations and pitfalls of each type of reasoning and the appeal to authority argument
Ways of thinking - Questions to consider
-How can you critically evaluate an appeal to authority in research, and what factors determine its validity?
- In what situations is deductive
reasoning most effective, and what are the potential risks if the premises are flawed? - What are the limitations of inductive reasoning, particularly when making generalizations from limited data?
- How does abductive reasoning help form hypotheses with incomplete
evidence, and what are the potential pitfalls?
Research design in kinesiology - Research Approaches and Methods
Qualitative research
*Quantitative research
– Use of theory
– Focuses on understanding experiences and perspectives.
– Data is based on subjective interpretations!
– Uses narrative data and thematic analysis.
– Mostly constructionist world view
– Research approaches: case study, ethnography, grounded theory,
phenomenology
– Common data collection methods: in-depth interviews, focus groups,
observations, document analysis.
– Use of theory
– Hypothesis (Questions) must be falsifiable
–Uses numerical data and statistical analysis
– Mostly positivist world view!
– Specific research designs (e.g., case studies, experiments, surveys)
- Investigating relationships between variables. Independent and dependent
– Research designs: causal, experimental, correlational.
Research design in kinesiology - Research Approaches and Methods:
Mixed Methods Research:
Two-eyed Seeing Research:
– Combines quantitative and qualitative research methods.
– Provides a more comprehensive understanding of a research problem.
– Research designs: concurrent, explanatory, exploratory.
– Integrates Indigenous and Western knowledge systems.
– Respectful collaboration with Indigenous knowledge holders.
– Research designs that incorporate both Indigenous and Western
methodologies
Research design in kinesiology - Research Approaches and Methods:
Research Design and Methodology:
Data Collection Methods:
- Quantitative research: experimental and correlational designs.
– Qualitative research: case study, ethnography, grounded theory,
phenomenology.
– Mixed methods research: concurrent, explanatory, exploratory designs.
– Two-eyed seeing research: integration of Indigenous and Western
methodologies.
– Quantitative research: surveys, physiological measurements
– Qualitative research: in-depth interviews, focus groups, observations,
document analysis.
– Mixed methods research: combination of quantitative and qualitative data
collection methods.
– Two-eyed seeing research: collaborative engagement with Indigenous
knowledge holders.
Research design in kinesiology - Research Approaches and Methods:
Research Purpose Statements:
- Quantitative research: focus on relationships between variables
– Qualitative research: focus on understanding experiences and perspectives
– Mixed methods research: focus on integrating both quantitative and
qualitative components.
– Two-eyed seeing research: focus on integrating Indigenous and Western
knowledge systems.
Research design in kinesiology - Questions to Consider
- How do the goals of qualitative research differ from those of quantitative research, and why might one approach be better suited for certain research questions?
- What are the key considerations when designing a study that investigates relationships between variables using quantitative research?
- How do different data collection methods (e.g., surveys vs. interviews) influence the outcomes in both qualitative and quantitative research?
- What are the challenges of integrating qualitative and quantitative components in mixed methods research, and how can these be addressed?
Scientific Methods and Problem Solving - Unscientific & logical Methods:
Tenacity:
Authority:
Serendipity:
Intuition:
Rationalistic Method:
Empirical Method:
Clinging to beliefs thought to be true over time
Accepting beliefs because an authoritative figure holds them
Accidental discoveries leading to scientific insights (e.g., penicillin by Fleming).
Relying on common sense developed through experience.
Using reasoning to derive knowledge.
Collecting evidence through systematic investigation.
Scientific Methods and Problem Solving- Scientific Method of Problem Solving
Developing the problem:
Formulating the hypothesis:
Gathering data:
Analyzing data:
Reporting results:
-Clearly defining the research question or hypothesis
-Establishing a testable prediction or theoretical framework
-Collecting quantitative or qualitative information
-Interpreting the results through statistical or thematic analysis.
-Presenting findings in a structured, replicable manner
Scientific Methods and Problem Solving - Questions to Consider
-How do unscientific methods (e.g., intuition or tenacity) differ from scientific methods in problem solving?
- Why is it important for research hypotheses to be falsifiable in the scientific method?
-What role does serendipity play in scientific discoveries, and how can researchers ensure such findings are scientifically validated?
-How does the scientific method promote objectivity and reliability in research findings?
Specific questions from the lecture material you should be able to answer
- What does APA stand for? Why do we use APA in Kinesiology? (2 reasons)
- Is APA limited to the formatting of citations? Or does it extend to the whole paper?
- If you were to view a APA reference that had errors in it, could you find and indicate them?
- What are the 5 characteristics of research that we covered in class?
– How are those 5 characteristics realized?
- American Psychological Society
Use APA:
A) Historical adoption from the time we were Physical Education, and
there was a strong influence from educational psychologists
B) More importantly, APA style includes the name of authors within the
text and encourages correct attribution (and memorization) of the
authors and their work - Whole paper
- Look at APA format
- A) Systematic: Plan, identify, design,
collect data, evaluate
B) Logical: based on sound reasoning,
one examines procedures to
evaluate conclusions
C) Empirical: decisions are based on
data
D) Reductive: general relationships are
established from data
E) Replicable: actions are accurately
recorded, and reproducible by
others
