Modules 12-14 Learning outcomes

Question 1

L12 - Ethics: TCPS 2

Three core principles that convey the value of human dignity:

• Respect for Persons
• Concern for Welfare
• Justice

Answer 1

• intrinsic value of individuals, It emphasizes the importance of autonomy and requires informed consent. Need to be fully informed and can pull out at anytime
• ensuring the well-being of participants. must take steps to minimize potential harm. Protecting privacy through confidentiality and
  secure data storage is also crucial
• emphasizes fairness and equity in research. benefits and burdens of research are distributed fairly

Question 2

L12 - Ethics: Animal protection (CCAC)

• 3 R’s

Answer 2

Replacement: Using non-animal alternatives whenever possible

• absolute replacement: replacing with with inanimate systems (computer)
• relative replacement: replacing with
  animals that have a significantly lower
  potential for pain perception

-Reduction: Designing studies to use the minimum number of animals
required to obtain scientifically valid results

• Refinement: Implementing housing and husbandry practices that minimize
  pain and distress and enhance animal welfare

Question 3

L12 - Ethics: Animals in Kin

• Why
• Examples

Answer 3

• We are still at a basic understanding of complex systems
• Animal analogs are still an important step in understanding even though there are limits to the animal model
• Education
• Muscle physiology
• General physiology
• Biomechanics
• Nutrition

Question 4

L13 - Study Designs:

What are study designs

Answer 4

• Study Designs for Qualitative and
  Quantitative studies. How constructed

-Study Design is the template for how the study is conducted

-It focuses on how changes in the dependent variable are observed and recorded

Question 5

L13 - Study Designs: Observational study design

• What is it
• Will multiple observations take place?

Branches of observations time:
Longitudinal Studies:
Correlational Research:
Case Studies:

Answer 5

• No intervening, descriptive studies

Yes - multiple observations: observations in time (multiple times)
No - Cross sectional study (specific moment in time)

Longitudinal Studies: Collecting data from the same individuals over an extended period (ex: 30 years)

Correlational Research: Examines the relationship between two or more variables. Correlation does not imply causation

Case Studies: In-depth investigation of a specific individual, group, event, or community. They often involve detailed data collection from multiple sources

Question 6

L13 - Study Designs: Experimental Study design

-what is

• is there control group?
• Is there random selection in control group?

Answer 6

• Intervening

Yes - Is there random selection?
No - Pre-experimental designs: These have the weakest control and often lack a control group. Small study

Quasi-experimental designs: These involve some manipulation of variables
but may lack random assignment to groups, leading to potential selection
biases.

• Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs): Gold standard for determining the effectiveness of interventions because they use random assignment. an be limited by sample size, abstraction from real-world settings

Question 7

L13 - Study Designs: Observational quantitative

Answer 7

One of the main characteristic: time

• Cross sectional studies (slice in time)
• Longitudinal studies (descriptive over time)
• Case study (1-3 people forward in time)
• Case control study (retrospective, backward in time)
• ** can be called epidemiological studies **

Question 8

L13 - Study Designs: Observational qualitative (understanding phenomena)

Answer 8

Qualitative examples…
* Narrative
* Ethnographic
* Participant observation
* Focus groups
* Document analysis

Question 9

L13 - Study Designs: Experimental quantitative

• Experimental quantitative

Experimental

Answer 9

• Researchers actively manipulate the participant or the environment or both
• Independent and dependant variable
  Exmaples:
  1. Single-Case Experimental Design
  2.Focus Group Study
  3.Ethnographic Study
  4.Phenomenological Study
  5.Grounded Theory Study
  6.Case Study

Question 10

L13 - Study Designs: Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews

Meta-Analyses:

Systematic Reviews:

Answer 10

• Statistical method used to summarize the results of multiple independent studies. By combining information from all relevant studies, meta-analyses can provide more precise estimates of effects. Type of systematic review

-A type of literature review that uses
systematic methods to collect secondary data, critically appraise research studies, and synthesize findings either qualitatively or quantitatively. The aim is to provide a complete and exhaustive summary of current literature relevant to a research question