Module 27-30: Refinement Flashcards
Representing data - Frequency Distributions
Normal curve – theoretical distribution of most data
68-95-99.7 Rule
- Sigma is the standard deviation
- Sigma = 68.27
- 2 Sigma = 95.45
- 3 Sigma = 99.73
Representing data - Quartiles
- used to describe a score’s position within a distribution divided into four equal parts (quarters) based off the median
Representing data - Representing data Anscombe’s quartet was devised too…
They were constructed in 1973 by the statistician Francis Anscombe
- To demonstrate both the importance of graphing data when analyzing it, and the effect of outliers and other influential observations on statistical properties
Representing data - Bar Graph/Chart
Visual representation of the quantity of some measure across one or more categorical variables using bars
Representing data - Pie Graph/Chart
Shows the relative size or proportion of categorical data using a proportional pie image. Data can be either quantity or frequency, percentage of all total outcomes
Representing data - Examples of frequency distribution
Histogram
* A graphical representation of the distribution of data
* Using bars to represent frequency distribution
Line Graph
* A graphical representation of the distribution of data
* Using lines to represent frequency distribution
Representing data - Florence Nightingale - 1820-1910
Florence Nightingale is widely regarded as the founder of modern nursing
- She was a pioneer in the use of statistics to improve healthcare outcomes
- rose diagrams
- evolved sanitary healthcare and advocated for women in nursing
Representing data - rose diagram
Raise awareness that most people “in the war” did not die from injury but instead infection and preventable disease
- has impact way of looking
- used for important topics
Podcast notes - Lesson 28
- Replication crisis in psychology, sparked by a 2011 study by Daryl Bem that claimed evidence for precognition, or the ability to sense future events.
- Despite being published in a reputable journal, Bem’s findings could not be replicated, leading to widespread skepticism and prompting psychologists to reevaluate research practices
- This crisis highlighted issues such as publication bias, p-hacking, and the need for more rigorous methodologies. In response, the field has seen a push towards open science practices, including preregistration of studies and increased transparency, aiming to restore credibility and ensure that psychological research yields reliable and valid results
Knowledge translation - what is it
Sharing research findings, insights, experiences
-A process that includes the synthesis, dissemination, exchange, and application of knowledge
Takes place within a complex system of interactions between researchers and knowledge users
* Knowledge user: any individual who can use the knowledge gained through research
- Expractitioners, educators, healthcare administrators, patient groups , students
Types of knowledge translation
- Synthesis (reviews) - systemic review
- Dissemination (unpacking content to a particular audience) - tailored
- Exchange ( discussion – lecture – implies two way)
- Ethically sound application of knowledge, putting knowledge into practice
Knowledge translation - Integrated knowledge translation
Active engagement between researchers and knowledge
users throughout entire research process
Changing mindset - Facts, assumptions, opinions
- Fact is a piece of information supported by evidence (rigorous)
-Assumptions are things that are believed to be true
- Opinions are aggregates of individual attitudes or beliefs held by a population
- Order can be decided based on emotional state
Changing mindset - Video 1: Asch Experiment
- 36% went along with actors
- Rest of 74%, 32% felt something wasn’t right and 42% had no idea there answers were incorrect
- People are taking apart of a visual perception test and the all the participants are actors except for one
- You are supposed to match lines and actors are told to match wrong answers. Test is to see if they will go along or chose right answer
- We are social creatures that like to go along with stuff even if we don’t believe
Changing mindset - Video 2: 3 Biases that shape our world view
Confirmation Bias: “We tend to only look at information that supports our beliefs”
Dunning-Kruger effect : “The difficulty judging our own competence”
- individuals with limited knowledge will over estimate own knowledge
Cognitive dissonance: “Simply put, if we believe one thing, then we are motivated to act in a way that fits with the belief”
- discomfort when new info conflicts with our beliefs
Changing mindset - Video 3: Are smart people ruining democracy?
- Very smart people tend to dig into their beliefs and use their advanced ability with numbers to distort the data so that it would support their own viewpoint when faced with data that contradicted their world view
- Cognitive bias in highly educated people, can exacerbate politics
- the more educated you are the more likely you are to rationalize view points. ex: guns and climate change
