Modules 1-6 Flashcards
Founding of Psychology, Description, Correlation Experiment, Placebo Effect, Double Blind, Random Sampling, Sampling Error
Who theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception and personality in 300 B.C.E?
Greek naturalist and philosopher Aristotle
Who is Mary Whiton Calkins?
Memory researcher and the first woman to become president of the American Psychological Association
Who is Wilhem Wundt?
He is known as the father of psychology and he established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany
Where was psychology discovered?
Germany
Where is psychology or where did it become more popular?
America
What are the departments/branches of psychology?
Neuropsychology, Developmental psychology, Clinical psychology, Social Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Counseling psychology
What is neuropsychology?
The study of the structure and function of the brain as they relate to psychological behaviors
What is developmental psychology?
The scientific study that changes occur over the span of a lifetime. (Ex. Nature vs. Nurture, Genes vs. Upbringing)
What is clinical psychology?
Studies, assess and treats people with psychological disorders
What is social psychology?
The scientific study that asses the influences around the individual that effect people’s thoughts, behaviors & feelings
What is cognitive psychology?
the study of mental processes such as attention, language, memory, creativity
What is psychiatry?
a branch of medicine that deals with psychological disorders and sometimes treats it with medicine
What is counseling psychology?
A branch of psychology that assist people with problems in living (often related with work, school, marriage & in becoming a better self)
Overconfidence Bias
Humans believing they know more than they do
Hindsight Bias
the “I know it all” phenomenon; the phenomenon where after being revealed the results the person believes they knew that was going to be the result
What are the 3 kinds of psychological research methods?
descriptive, correlational and experimental
Descriptive Research
Case studies, observations, surveys, interviews
Correlational Research
How 2 things are related; -1.0 negative correlation; 0 not related; 1.0 positive correlation
Experimental Research
The manipulation of a variable
What are the errors to avoid with the experimental research?
Selecting your group with bias, systematically and not randomly,
Representative Data
Part of experimental research; Getting a certain amount from a population and the more people you get the more accurate your results should be.
Double Blind
Where the experimenter & the subjects don’t know if they are in the control group or are receiving a particular treatment. This done to prevent the placebo affect.
Placebo Effect
A placebo is anything that seems to be a “real” medical treatment and the person reacts because they think they are receiving a real treatment
Statistics
Help determine significant results
The neuron
Cell body, dendrite, axon and myelin
Dendrite
Receives messages and conducts impulses towards the cell body
Axon
passes messages
Action Potential
Electrical Charge
Myelin
helps speed neural impulses; amplifies the message of the axon
Resting Potential
Positive and negative ion
Depolarization
Positive going change
Threshold
The level of stimulation needed to trigger a neural impulse
Synapses
The place between 2 neurons
Reuptake
Reabsorption of a neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters
The neuron’s chemical messengers
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Enables muscle action, learning and memory (ex. Alzheimer’s Disease)
Dopamine
Influences movement, learning, attention, & emotion (Oversupply linked to schizophrenia, Undersupply linked to tremors & decrease mobility in Parkinson’s disease)
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal (undersupply linked to depression)
Glutamate
Excitatory (Oversupply: Migraines, Seizures)
GABA
Inhibitory (oversupply: tremors, insomnia)
Nervous system
Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system: Brain
Neutal Networks
Spinal Cord
Reflexes; Pain response; interneurons
Peripheral Nervous system; Somatic
Voluntary
Peripheral Nervous System; Autonomic; Sympathetic
Adrenaline
Peripheral Nervous System; Autonomic; Parasympathetic
Calming
Endocrine System
Hormones; travel through blood
Adrenal Glands Release Epinephrine
Adrenaline (fight-flight)
Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)
Releases Growth Hormones
Thyroid
Releases thyroxin (metabolism)
Ovary
releases sex hormones (androgens, estrogen (male hormones), progesterone (female hormones))
Methods to learn about the brain
Structural and functional ways: Electrical activity, x-rays,magnetic sound waves, consumption of glucose, blood flow
EEG
functional; Electric Activity
CAT
Structural; x-rays
MRI
Structural; magnetic & sound waves
PET
Functional; consumption of glucose
FMRI
Functional; Blood flow
Brain Stem
Medulla Oblongata, Pons (breathing, heart)
Midbrain; Thalamus
Relay station for the senses
Midbrain; Reticular Formation
Alertness/arousal
Midbrain; Cerebellum
Voluntary Movement
Limbic System
Emotional Brain
Limbic System; Amygdala
Rage, fear
Limbic System; Hypothalamus
Reward; Addiction, regulation of temperature/hunger, controls pituitary gland
Limbic System; Hippocampus
Memory
Cortex
4 lobes
Cortex; parietal
Processing information by the sense of touch
Cortex; occipital
vision
Cortex; temporal
auditory, receptive language
Cortex; Frontal lobes
expressive language
Left brained
Writing, language, analytic though, positive emotion
Right brained
Reasoning, creativity, intuition, negative emotions
