Classical Conditioning & Operant Conditioning Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
Associative learning: we associate 2 stimuli’s with one another.
Unconditioned Stimulus
Don’t have to do anything to cause it
Conditioned Stimulus
A previous neutral stimulus that eventually comes to evoke a conditioned response
Higher Order Conditioning
When a conditioned stimulus serves as the unconditioned stimulus.
Extinction Recovery
Suppression (stoppage) of the conditioned response
Spontaneous Recovery
Conditioned Stimulus works even after a long period of time has passed
Generalization
Ex: Little Albert Experiment where the bell rang every time the mouse was shown and then the baby would get scared. The baby soon began to believe that anytime the mouse, or mouse look alike would appear the bell would ring and scare him.
Reverting the generalization fear
Begin to associate the fear with a positive thing
Behaviorism
The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Associating a behavior with a consequence or reward
B.F Skinners operant conditioning
He wanted to create a new operant society because he believed that everything was learned; on the nurture side of the nature v. nurture debate. All behavior can be manipulated.
Increasing Behaviors: Reinforcements
To increase behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Reward. Ex: Penny was rewarded chocolate every time she does something to not annoy Sheldon.
Negative Reinforcement
Aversive. Is NOT a punishment. Takes away unpleasant stimulus. Ex: The child does the chores in order to stop the mothers yelling
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed interval, Fixed Ratio, Variable Interval, Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
a schedule of reinforcement where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.
Fixed Ratio
a schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses.
Variable Interval
is a schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed.
Variable Ratio
describes how often a “reward” is delivered in relation to a conditioned stimulus. It is by far the most powerful reward schedule discovered, and the one that creates the most interesting response behaviors in subjects.
Decreasing Behavior
Punishment, Desire to decrease behavior
Aversive
unpleasant stimuli that induce changes in behavior through punishment
Positive Punishment
Aversive. Ex. When driving the speed limit after receiving a speeding ticket
Negative Punishment
Reward being taken away. Ex: Siblings fight over a toy and the boy decides to take toy away.
Learning that doesn’t rely on conditioning
Biological Predisposition (ex. spiders, clowns), cognition (ex. knowing alcohol will get you nauseous), observation (more likely to learn from those we admire).
