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KNH 184 > Modules 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Modules 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

term that refers to human movement

A

motor

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2
Q

what is the only way that humans have of affecting the world?

A

movement

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3
Q

why do we have brains?

A

to produce complex movements by contracting muscles

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4
Q

what are the 3 sub disciplines of motor behavior?

A

motor control, motor learning, and motor development

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5
Q

study of motor performance at any given time

A

motor control

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6
Q

study of the acquisition of skills

A

motor learning

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7
Q

study of change of performance over time

A

motor development

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8
Q

can be seen as a task; can be seen in multiple different ways

A

motor skill

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9
Q

motor skill has a defined beginning and end, often a brief duration of movement

A

discrete

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10
Q

a motor skill that is made up of a group of discrete skills strung together to make a new, more complicated movement

A

serial

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11
Q

a motor skill that has no particular beginning or end; flows on for several minutes

A

continuous

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12
Q

when the environment for a motor skill is variable and unpredictable during the action

A

open

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13
Q

when the environment for a motor skill is stable and predictable during the action

A

closed

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14
Q

motor skill that uses small muscle groups

A

fine

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15
Q

motor skill that uses large muscle groups

A

gross

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16
Q

skill where decision-making is the most important part, even when action is involved

A

cognitive skill

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17
Q

skill where decision-making is not critical, but movement is

A

motor skill

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18
Q

what are the 3 critical elements in performance of a motor skill?

A

perceiving, deciding, and producing

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19
Q

the ability to bring about an end result with maximum certainty, minimum outlay of energy, and minimum time

A

skill

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20
Q

what are the 3 components of skill proficency?

A

-max certainty of goal achievement
-min outlay of energy
-min time to achieve goal

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21
Q

what are the 3 types of error scores?

A

absolute error, constant error, and variable error

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22
Q

average error; (ex,. -1, -2, 3, 1) get rid of signs, add together, and divide by number of errors

A

absolute error

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23
Q

error where you leave signs in and find average with signs; shows direction of error(long or short)

A

constant error

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24
Q

error for internal consistency/personal average/variable or constant

A

variable error

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25
Q

what are the 2 ways still can be conceptualized?

A

-task
-level of proficiency

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26
Q

can CNS injuries heal?

A

no

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27
Q

about how many SCI per year in US?

A

18,000

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28
Q

what is the mean age of someone who gets SCI?

A

43

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29
Q

what percent of SCI happens to males?

A

79%

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30
Q

what percent of SCI does alcohol play a role in?

A

25%

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31
Q

how many people in US living with SCI?

A

302,000

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32
Q

what is the #1 cause of SCI and what percent does it make up?

A

motor vehicles; 38%

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33
Q

what is the #2 cause of SCI?

A

falls(31%)

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34
Q

what is the #3 cause of SCI?

A

violence(15%)

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35
Q

what is the #4 cause of SCI?

A

sports(8%)

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36
Q

what is the average hospital stay of someone with SCI?

A

43 days

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37
Q

what is the average rate of employment 1 year after SCI?

A

18%

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38
Q

what is the average lifetime cost of SCI?

A

$1.4-5.8 million

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39
Q

what does impairment resulting from SCI depend on?

A

extent of lesion(complete/incomplete) and neurological level(location)

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40
Q

information stops 100% in SCI, no feeling past damaged spot

A

complete

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41
Q

some information goes past damaged spot in SCI

A

incomplete

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42
Q

where would you have to be injured for an SCI to be considered tetraplegia?

A

C4 and C6

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43
Q

where would you have to be injured for an SCI to be considered paraplegia?

A

T6 and L1

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44
Q

what are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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45
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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46
Q

what does the PNS consist of?

A

extended nerves off of brain and spinal cord

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47
Q

name of neuron cell body

A

soma

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48
Q

control center of neuron

A

nucleus

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49
Q

bring information into the cell body

A

dendrites

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50
Q

attached to axon; speeds up transmission time of information

A

myelin sheaths

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51
Q

sends info away from neuron’s cell body

A

axon

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52
Q

releases neurotransmitters from neuron

A

axon terminals

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53
Q

other name for sensory neurons

A

afferent neurons

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54
Q

other name for motor neurons

A

efferent neurons

55
Q

connecter neurons, neither sensory nor motor; majority of neurons

A

interneurons

56
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum/cerebral cortex?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

57
Q

on the somatosensory cortex and motor cortex, why do the hands take up as much brain tissue as the thigh?

A

the hands need to be able to do fine movements and feel very slight sensory sensations

58
Q

helps provide smooth, coordinated body movements; critically important for movement coordination and learning; also important for thoughts and emotions; drinking impairs this

A

cerebellum

59
Q

lack of movement coordination due to damage to the cerebellum

A

ataxia

60
Q

connects brain and spinal cord; contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla

A

brain stem

61
Q

smallest portion of the brainstem; transmits info necessary for vision and hearing

A

midbrain

62
Q

link between cerebellum and cerebrum; regulates sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, etc

A

pons

63
Q

cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, and vasomotor centers; regulates involuntary functions such as breathing, HR, and BP

A

medulla

64
Q

when a baby, 12 months or younger unexpectedly dies while sleeping because of an obstructed airway; caused by an abnormality in how the baby’s brainstem uses serotonin

A

SIDS(sudden infant death syndrome)

65
Q

how many vertebrae makes up the spinal column?

A

31

66
Q

how many vertebrae in each section of the spinal cord?

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 2 fused coccygeal

67
Q

the pathways to and from the brain have ________ matter because that is where the axons are

A

white

68
Q

why do axons make up white matter?

A

they are covered in myelin, which is white

69
Q

_____ matter makes up cell bodies

A

grey

70
Q

the ventral root of the spinal cord contain _________________ neurons

A

motor/efferent

71
Q

the dorsal root of the spinal cord contains ________________ neurons

A

sensory/afferent

72
Q

what can help peripheral nerve damage repair itself?

A

peripheral nerve transplants

73
Q

human movement is largely a function of _______________________

A

muscle contraction

74
Q

how many muscles are there?

A

over 600

75
Q

what is the longest muscle?

A

sartorius

76
Q

what is the shortest muscle?

A

stapedius

77
Q

the function of muscles is …

A

to apply force to bones

78
Q

muscle contraction involves the cooperation of what 3 major systems?

A

nervous, muscular, and skeletal

79
Q

what attaches muscle to bones?

A

tendon

80
Q

does muscle have to be attached to bones?

A

yes

81
Q

what do muscle fibers do to contract?

A

shorten

82
Q

do muscles pull or push on bones?

A

pull

83
Q

muscle tries to shorten but does not, so the bone does not move; tension is generated, but no movement occurs; gravity is an example of this

A

static muscle action

84
Q

body segment moves during generation of muscle tension

A

dynamic muscle action

85
Q

part of dynamic muscle action; muscle shortens during contraction(bicep while bending elbow)

A

concentric muscle action

86
Q

part of dynamic muscle action; muscle lengthens while contracting(tricep while bending elbow)

A

eccentric muscle action

87
Q

muscles that are responsible for causing a particular motion(prime mover)

A

agonist

88
Q

muscle that performs joint motion opposite that of the prime mover

A

antagonist

89
Q

what is the simple process of how we move?

A

brain tells muscle to move–>muscle moves

90
Q

the occurrence that for the agonist to carry out the desired motion, the antagonist must relax, and must be told to do so

A

reciprocal inhibition

91
Q

what are the 2 factors that affect muscle tension?

A

-number of muscle fibers contracting
-tension developed by each muscle fiber involved in contraction

92
Q

one motor neuron and the group of fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

93
Q

what are the 2 ways that the CNS adjusts active muscle force?

A

-motor unit recruitment
-neural stimulation frequency

94
Q

when more motor units are brought in to help a movement; they are brought in from smallest to largest; varying degrees of force can be achieved

A

motor unit recruitment

95
Q

muscle fibers can be stimulated with action potentials at different frequencies; more frequent stimulation results in greater muscle force development

A

neural stimulation frequency

96
Q

individual differences and abilities are studied using a statistical technique called ________________; the measure of the degree of association between 2 variables; referred to as the statistic of individual differences

A

correlation

97
Q

graphical representation of a correlation

A

scatterplot

98
Q

what are the 2 features of a correlation?

A

direction and strength

99
Q

the description of a correlation and how it can be positive, negative, or have no correlation

A

direction

100
Q

when both values in a scatterplot increase simultaneously

A

positive correlation

101
Q

when one value increases in a correlation and the other decreases

A

negative correlation

102
Q

the extent to which a relationship is perfectly linear

A

strength

103
Q

are direction and strength dependent or independent?

A

independent

104
Q

correlations can be quantified by computing the ____________________

A

correlation coefficient(r)

105
Q

what is the strongest negative/positive correlation? and what signifies no correlation?

A

-1/1; 0

106
Q

what signifies a weak correlation?

A

.1-.3

107
Q

what signifies a moderate correlation?

A

.4-.6

108
Q

what signifies a strong correlation?

A

.7+

109
Q

___________ cannot be inferred from correlations, nonetheless, correlations are often used to predict performances

A

causality

110
Q

correlations can be used to study human __________

A

abilities

111
Q

a stable, enduring, mainly genetically-defined trait that underlies skill performance, and is not modified by practice

A

ability

112
Q

which influences the other between skills and abilities

A

abilities influence skills

113
Q

are skills or abilities modifiable via practice?

A

skills

114
Q

theory that no longer exists; a single, general ability was thought to underlie individual differences in motor behavior

A

theory of general motor ability

115
Q

why is the theory of general motor ability wrong?

A

a study was done using balance tests, and the correlations were very weak(highest was .31)

116
Q

the hypothesis that individual differences in motor behavior are based on many specific abilities; multiple traits influence your abilities; the more accurate theory

A

specificity hypothesis

117
Q

how quickly you react to something; cannot be changed unless it happens naturally

A

reaction time

118
Q

underlies tasks in which relatively large objects are manipulated using hands and arms

A

manual dexterity

119
Q

involves quick choices among a number of alternative movements, more or less as in choice reaction time

A

response orientation

120
Q

involves tasks in which small objects are manipulated by fingers and hands

A

finger dexterity

121
Q

theoretically, if you can identify and measure abilities that underlie a particular skill, you should be able to __________________________________

A

predict future performance

122
Q

3 reasons it is difficult to predict future performance

A

-# of abilities underlying performance may be large or not well understood
-abilities may be difficult to measure
-patterns necessary for successful performance change with practice

123
Q

what are the 3 individual difference variables?

A

age, sex, and intelligence

124
Q

increasing in age may cause a decrease in ______________ and ___________________

A

reaction time and motor performance

125
Q

at what ages is the peak for reaction time?

A

18-25

126
Q

males tend to outperform females in __________ motor tasks that require _____________________

A

gross; absolute strength

127
Q

females tend to outperform males in __________ motor tasks that require _____________ and ______________

A

fine; speed and repetition

128
Q

what are the biophysical differences in males and females? (5)

A

-height
-weight
-body fat
-muscle mass
-aerobic capacity/anaerobic threshold

129
Q

which gender improved faster in sports in the 20th century?

A

females

130
Q

in what year did the gender gap stabilize(10%)?

A

1983

131
Q

a very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience

A

intelligence

132
Q

what is the correlation between IQ and motor performance in children, and is it weak, moderate, strong, or a combination?

A

r=.44; 19%; weak/moderate

133
Q

________________________ is common in individuals with a very low IQ, usually 70 or below(mental disability)

A

motor impairment

134
Q
A

KNH 184 (6 decks)

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