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KNH 184 > exam 2 review questions > Flashcards

exam 2 review questions Flashcards

1
Q

what marks the beginning and end of RT?

A

time between stimulus and beginning of movement

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2
Q

what marks the beginning and end of premotor RT?*******ask

A

time between stimulus and

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3
Q

motor rt*******

A
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4
Q

why is RT so important to the study of human info processing?

A

helps us understand the steps of perceiving, deciding, and producing and how long those steps take

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5
Q

what is the first stage of info processing?

A

stimulus identification

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6
Q

what is looming?

A

something comes directly at you and visually gets bigger, usually causing an avoidance response

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7
Q

what is the second stage of info processing?

A

response selection

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8
Q

what were the independent and dependent variables in the henry and rogers experiment(1960)?

A

dependent=RT
independent=complexity of movement

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9
Q

what stage of info processing did the henry and rogers experiment discover?

A

movement programming

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10
Q

what is the difference between spatial and temporal anticipation?

A

spatial=knowing what the stimulus will be
temporal=knowing when the stimulus will occur

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11
Q

how does accurate spatial anticipation speed up RT?*******

A
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12
Q

why are RTs of less than 100ms considered a false start in track races?

A

it is believed that the runner anticipated the start

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13
Q

is the demand for attention during the stimulus identification stage low or high? and how does the stroop effect show this?

A

low; there would not be a conflict if you did not detect the color and word at the same time

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14
Q

what is the primary influence on whether info processing during response selection is controlled or automatic?

A

amount of practice

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15
Q

what is the psychological refractory period

A

the delay to your RT to the 2nd of two closely spaced stimuli compared to your RT if the 2nd stimulus was by itself

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16
Q

what causes the psychological refractory period?

A

a bottleneck in the movement programming stage

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17
Q

in which stage of info processing is the need for attention typically greatest?

A

movement programming

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18
Q

what form of attentional focus during an action typically results in better motor performance?

A

external

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19
Q

why is external focus better than internal? what is the notion that supports it?

A

constrained action hypothesis: internal is detrimental, could cause someone to place too much focus on the feeling of a movement and cause them to do the actual action wrong

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20
Q

what does the inverted-u hypothesis indicate about the relationship between arousal and motor performance?

A

moderate arousal is best

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21
Q

why does the best performance occur at moderate arousal levels? explain

A

perceptual narrowing(only perceiving relevant info)

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22
Q

where are the stages of info processing located in open/closed loop models? (in what component)

A

executive

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23
Q

what major component do closed loop systems have that open loop systems do not?

A

comparator

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24
Q

what characteristic of movement primarily determines whether a movement will be controlled by an open or closed loop?

A

time

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25
Q

what is proprioception?

A

info about your body relative to your body

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26
Q

what is exteroception?

A

info about the environment relative to the environment

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27
Q

what is exproprioception?

A

info about the body relative to the environment

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28
Q

what are the 7 sources of info feedback?

A

-vision
-audition
-vestibular apparatus
-muscle spindles
-cutaneous receptors
-joint receptors
-golgi tendon organs

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29
Q

what part of the eye detects light?

A

retina

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30
Q

what is the retina analogus to in a camera?

A

film

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31
Q

what parts of the eye focus light in the retina?

A

cornea(does most) and lens(fine tunes)

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32
Q

the ventral visual stream primarily uses light that strikes what part of the retina?

A

fovea

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33
Q

the dorsal visual stream primarily uses light that strikes what part of the retina?

A

the whole thing

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34
Q

how do the functions of the ventral and dorsal streams differ?

A

ventral-“what is it”, identify
dorsal-“where is it”, locate

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35
Q

why did the toddler fall in the moving room?

A

she thought she was falling because she saw the walls move, so to compensate, her brain made her fall

36
Q

what is global expansion?

A

you are moving forward

37
Q

what is local convergence?

A

something else is moving away from you

38
Q

what is global lamellar?

A

you are moving laterally

39
Q

what is local expansion?

A

something is coming towards you(looming)

40
Q

what is global convergence?

A

you are moving backwards

41
Q

what is local lamellar?

A

something else is moving laterally

42
Q

what are the 3 kinds of reflexive compensations? what are the times of each?

A

-M1-monosynaptic(30-50ms)
-M2-polysynaptic(50-80ms)
-triggered reaction(80-120ms)

43
Q

what components must be deleted to leave a purely open loop?

A

feedback and comparator

44
Q

if humans couldn’t use an open loop system, how would we be disadvantaged?

A

everything would be slow, we would have to use feedback for everything, everything would be attention demanding

45
Q

what characteristic of movement primarily determines whether a movement will use an open or closed loop system?

A

duration of movement

46
Q

how fast does a movement have to be to be considered rapid/open loop?*******

A
47
Q

why are rapid movements not primarily controlled by a closed loop system?

A

feedback takes time to use; not enough time to use conscious feedback loops

48
Q

can feedback contribute to the control of rapid movements?

A

yes, but to an extent; reflexes and perhaps the dorsal visual stream could be used

49
Q

because rapid movements cannot use conscious feedback, and reflexive loops are only somewhat helpful, how are rapid movements thought to be generated?

A

motor program

50
Q

what is a motor program?

A

a pre-structured set of movement commands that defines and shapes the movement

51
Q

in what component of the open loop system is the motor program prepared for execution?

A

movement programming

52
Q

once the motor program is prepared, how are the details of the movement communicated to the muscles?

A

as action potentials sent via the spinal cord and peripheral nerves(uses descending pathways)

53
Q

besides the ability to control rapid movements, what is the other major advantage of using a motor program to execute a movement?

A

using a motor program can free up attention

54
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence that a motor program, or something like it, exists?

A

-henry and rogers experiment
-deafferentation experiments
-mechanically blocking movement of a limb

55
Q

a mechanism that is similar to the motor program is said to control certain types of movements like human locomotion, chewing, and breathing. what is this mechanism called?

A

central pattern generator(CPG)

56
Q

CPGs are said to be genetically defined and reside in the spinal cord. what does genetically defined mean?

A

they are inherited and often functional at birth

57
Q

how long would a movement have to be to use absolutely no feedback?

A

less than 30ms

58
Q

how is it known that the CPGs reside in the spinal cord, rather than the cerebrum? (2)

A

stepping reflex and decerebrate preparation

59
Q

what were the 2 major problems with original notion of motor programs?

A

storage and novelty problems

60
Q

what theory was proposed to solve the problems with the notion of a motor program?

A

generalized motor program(GMP)

61
Q

what is a GMP?

A

a motor program that defines a general pattern of movement rather than a specific movement

62
Q

what are modifiable features of a GMP called?

A

parameters

63
Q

what are the 3 parameters?

A

movement time, movement amplitude, and effector

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KNH 184 (6 decks)

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