Exam 2: Modules 3-5 Flashcards
human processing can be conceptualized in several ways, one of which is the __________________
information processing approach
if info processing cannot be directly observed, how can it be studied?
RT method
in the RT method, RT is used as a _____________ to study the duration and nature of info processing
dependent variable
the time between the stimulus and the beginning of the movement
RT
the time between the beginning and end of a movement
movement time
RT+movement time
response time
device that is used to record the activity of a muscle
EMG
what does the flat line on an EMG mean?
muscle is relaxed
what does the wiggle line on an EMG mean?
muscle is contracted
why is RT important? (3 reasons)
-important component of skilled motor performance
-can be used to better understand info processing
-measure of how long stages of info processing takes
what are the 3 distinct stages of info processing?
stimulus identification, response selection, movement programming
stimulus detection+pattern identification; stage where stimulus is both learned and inherited
stimulus identification
do humans respond faster to light or sounds?
sounds
t or f: the idea that humans respond faster to sound than light proves that stimulus identification exists
true
a genetic capability to react when something comes close to and consequently gets big at your face
looming
decision-making stage; studied by manipulating the number of possible response alternatives(independent variable) and measuring RT(dependent variable)
response selection
t or f: as number of choices increase, RT decreases
false; RT increases
describes a linear relationship between Log_2 and the number of possible response alternatives(N); every time the number of stimulus-response alternatives doubles, RT increases by a constant amount
Hick’s Law
the “statement of a stable relationship between 2 variables”
scientific law
laws allow us to _________
predict
t or f: laws in behavioral sciences are rare
true
when uncertainty increases, your RT will ______________ by a predictable amount; ex tennis(see notes)
increase
stage devoted to movement response
movement programming
what is an example of an experiment that displays the movement programming stage?
Henry and Rogers Experiment(1960)
what is the dependent variable in the Henry and Rogers Experiment? independent variable?
RT; movement complexity
what did the Henry and Rogers Experiment find? (2 parts)
increase in movement complexity=increase in RT; humans organize/plan movements in advance
what concept are the results of the Henry and Rogers Experiment consistent with?
motor program
refers to expecting or predicting what is going to happen in the environment(stimulus); can influence info processing
anticipation
what are the 2 types of anticipation?
spatial and temporal
anticipation where you know what your stimulus will be, just not when it will occur; you can decide your response in advance
spatial anticipation
anticipation where you know when the stimulus will occur, just not what it will be, you can begin movement programming in advance of stimulus
temporal anticipation
to take advantage of ___________ anticipation, you must have ____________ anticipation
temporal; spatial
having temporal and spatial anticipation eliminates what 2 stages of info processing?
stimulus identification and response selection
what happens to sprinters in a track meet when they start earlier than 100ms after the start? why?
they are disqualified because it is believed that they anticipated the start, which would be unfair
the capacity to process info
attention
attention is a _____________ resource
limited
occurs when your demand for attention exceeds your capacity to allocate attention, causing your performance to suffer
interference
______________ killed 3142 people and injured 424,000 people in the US in 2019, causes 9 deaths, and 1161 injuries per day
distracted driving
_____% of distractions while driving are avoidable
92
what 2 types of processing are used?
parallel and serial
processing where you can deal with other things at the same time
parallel processing
processing where you must deal with the task before moving on
serial processing
what type(s) of processing is/are the norm during stimulus identification?
parallel
demand for attention during stimulus identification is ______
low
what phenomenon proves the presence of parallel processing during stimulus identification? how?
stroop effect–brain sees color and word at exactly the same time, causing conflict
what type(s) of processing is/are the norm during response selection?
both parallel and serial
how do you determine what type of processing is used in response selection?
depends on the amount of practice
slow, serial processing, attention demanding
controlled processing
fast, parallel processing, not attention demanding
automatic processing
what type(s) of processing is/are used during movement programming?
serial
how is serial processing in the movement programming stage studied?
double-stimulation paradigm
what causes the delay in the double-stimulation paradigm
the presence of S1
what is the delay in the double-stimulation paradigm called?
psychological refractory period
what causes the psychological refractory period
bottleneck
SOAs between ___ and ___ms will produce the psychological refractory period; which causes the longest delay?
50 and 300; 50
how long does it take S1 to leave the bottleneck?
300ms
what is the benefit to the psychological refractory period? explain
may be protective–ensures that a response to a dangerous stimulus is produced without interference
focus that monitors the feeling of an ongoing movement
internal focus
focusing on a target, such as an object to be struck or the intended effect the action will have on the environment
external focus
which type of focus results in better performance?
external
what is the notion of why internal focus is detrimental called? explain
constrained action hypothesis–internal focus may cause someone to try to control movement, which may interfere with automatic/unconscious control
________ can influence arousal
stress
the __________________ represents a view of the relationship between arousal and performance
inverted-u principle
explain the inverted-u principle
increased arousal enhances performance to a certain point, but after that can be detrimental
tendency for the perceptual field to shrink; this is important because it allows the person to devote more attention to those sources of info that are immediately most likely and relevant; excessive arousal could mean missing information
perceptual narrowing
scenario in which a performer changes a hormonal routine or fails to adapt to a changing situation in a failed performance
choking under pressure
what commonly causes choking under pressure?
a change from external to internal focus
what are the 2 types of human control systems?
open-loop and closed-loop
what are the 3 components of a closed-loop system?
executive, effector, and comparator
part of closed-loop system that makes decisions
executive
worker part of closed-loop system
effector
part of closed-loop system that compares what was intended to what is happening; computes error
comparator
name one example of a closed-loop system
heating/AC unit, inserting contact lens, or picking up a glass of water
name one example of an open-loop system
swinging a bat, snapping fingers, toaster
what are the 2 main differences between closed and open-loop systems?
time difference and closed uses feedback
a rapid movement is less than ___ms, and is primarily open-loop
20
slow movement is more than ___ms, and is primarily closed-loop system
200
what are the 3 types of feedback info for motor control?
proprioception, exteroception, and exproprioception
info about body position and movement, relative to the body
proprioception
info about the external environment, relative to the environment
exteroception
info about body position and movement, relative to the environment
exproprioception
what are the 7 sources of feedback info for motor control?
-vision
-audition
-vestibular apparatus
-joint receptors
-golgi tendon organs
-muscle spindles
-cutaneous receptors
sense of hearing
audition
located in inner ears; consists of semicircular canals filled with fluid, as well as otolith organs; provides info about head position relative to gravity, and rotary and linear acceleration of the head; contributes to balance and visual tracking
vestibular apparatus
located in joint capsules; provide info about joint position; most sensitive near limits of range of motion(protects you from overextension or overflexion)
joint receptors
located at the junction between a muscle and a tendon; provides info about tendon/muscle tension; tendon organs can elicit an inhibitory response(can cause a muscle to relax, more pressure than expected; ex. knee buckles when missing a step)
golgi tendon organs
provide info about muscle length and rate of change of length(stretch); can elicit an excitatory response
muscle spindles
figure out knee jerk reflex
located in the skin; at least 6 different kinds; provide info about pain, pressure, temperature, and vibration
cutaneous receptors
what device does vision work similarly to?
old fashioned camera
the film in a camera is analogus to the __________ in the eye
retina
part of eye that does most of the focusing
cornea
part of eye that changes size to control the amount of light entering
pupil
part of eye that fine tunes focusing; changes shape
lens
center of the retina; 100% cones; is whatever is “in focus”
fovea
explain the process of light moving through eye(just locations-7)
cornea–>pupil–>lens–>vitreous gel–>retina–>optic nerve–>brain
why do we not see a blind spot if each of our eyes has one?
both eyes compensate for the other
what are the 2 visual streams called?
ventral stream and dorsal stream
visual stream that primarily uses light that strikes the fovea(2% of visual field); high clarity but needs lots of light
ventral
what “question” does the ventral stream answer?
what is it?
does the ventral stream use conscious or unconscious processing?
conscious
which visual stream uses light that strikes the entire retina?
dorsal
the dorsal stream has _________ light sensitivity, but _________ clarity than the ventral stream
greater; lower
produced by movement and changing of optic array
optic flow
optic flow is used to…
detect movement
does detecting optic flow require attention?
no
entire optic array changes; experiencing your own movement
global
only a part of the optic array/visual field changes; experiencing the movement of something else
local
outward flow; moving forward in environment
expansion
inward flow; moving backwards in environment
convergence
what is another name for local expansion?
looming
moving parallel/side to side
lamellar flow
no optic flow whatsoever(no movement)
non-flow
what are the 3 reflexes?
M1(monosynaptic), M2(polysynaptic), and triggered reaction
how long is the M1 reflex? and what is the most common example of it?
30-50ms; knee-jerk reflex
how long is the M2 reflex?
50-80ms
how long is the triggered reaction?
80-120ms
in which 2 reflexes is the brain involved?
M2 and triggered reaction
why is the knee-jerk reflex so quick?
the information never goes to the brain, it only goes to the spinal cord
what are the only 2 receptor senses that Ian Waterman still feels?
temperature and some pain
removal of sensory info
deafferentation
what did the deafferentation experiments prove?
sensory info from a limb is not necessary for movement production; chickens can have no brain and still walk around if brainstem is still there
what is the best example of the existing of motor programs?
mechanically blocking of a limb
see notes on mechanically blocking limb
similar to the motor program and is said to control certain types of movements like human locomotion(walking), chewing and even breathing
central program generator(CPG)
t or f: CPGs are inherited and usually functional at birth
true
______ are the main reason we don’t go through life thinking “left foot, right foot” while walking
CPGs
shown by moving an infant across the floor so its feet touch the floor, and the infant will move its feet in a stepping motion
stepping reflex
CPGs reside in the __________
spinal cord
what does the stepping reflex prove?
that we are born with CPGs for walking
what are the 2 problems with the original notion of motor programs?
storage problem(how many programs could we even store) and novelty problem(where would the new programs even come from)
what is the name of the theory that solves the storage and novelty problems?
generalized motor program(GMP) theory
a motor program that defines a general pattern of movement rather than a specific movement
GMP
how did GMP solve the storage and novelty problems?
it showed that we only need to store 1 program that can be adapted in different ways
info must be specified in programming process in order to execute a skilled movement
GMP theory
what are the 2 forms that the GMP theory comes in?
parameters and invariant features
modifiable features of a GMP
parameters
what are the 3 parameters of a GMP?
movement time, movement amplitude, and effector
phonograph: record
GMP and invariant features
phonograph: speed control
movement time parameter
phonograph: volume control
amplitude parameter
phonograph: speaker switch
effector parameter
unmodifiable features of a GMP
invariant features
what are the 3 invariant features of a GMP?
-order of muscle activation
-relative timing(phasing) of muscle activation
-relative force of muscle activation
GMPs are stored in memory as ______________
invariant features
an alternative approach to the motor program notion is the _______________
dynamical persepctive
the _______________ perspective states that regularity in movement patterns(invariance) is not represented in a program, rather it occurs naturally due to the interaction of system components(ex. physical properties of the system)
dynamical
the dynamical perspective displays the belief that like pendulums, humans can ______________
self-organize
what do we believe to be the truth about how humans move, according to motor programs and the dynamical perspective?
human movement results from a combination of both
