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KNH 184 > Exam 2: Modules 3-5 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Modules 3-5 Flashcards

1
Q

human processing can be conceptualized in several ways, one of which is the __________________

A

information processing approach

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2
Q

if info processing cannot be directly observed, how can it be studied?

A

RT method

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3
Q

in the RT method, RT is used as a _____________ to study the duration and nature of info processing

A

dependent variable

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4
Q

the time between the stimulus and the beginning of the movement

A

RT

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5
Q

the time between the beginning and end of a movement

A

movement time

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6
Q

RT+movement time

A

response time

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7
Q

device that is used to record the activity of a muscle

A

EMG

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8
Q

what does the flat line on an EMG mean?

A

muscle is relaxed

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9
Q

what does the wiggle line on an EMG mean?

A

muscle is contracted

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10
Q

why is RT important? (3 reasons)

A

-important component of skilled motor performance
-can be used to better understand info processing
-measure of how long stages of info processing takes

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11
Q

what are the 3 distinct stages of info processing?

A

stimulus identification, response selection, movement programming

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12
Q

stimulus detection+pattern identification; stage where stimulus is both learned and inherited

A

stimulus identification

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13
Q

do humans respond faster to light or sounds?

A

sounds

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14
Q

t or f: the idea that humans respond faster to sound than light proves that stimulus identification exists

A

true

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15
Q

a genetic capability to react when something comes close to and consequently gets big at your face

A

looming

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16
Q

decision-making stage; studied by manipulating the number of possible response alternatives(independent variable) and measuring RT(dependent variable)

A

response selection

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17
Q

t or f: as number of choices increase, RT decreases

A

false; RT increases

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18
Q

describes a linear relationship between Log_2 and the number of possible response alternatives(N); every time the number of stimulus-response alternatives doubles, RT increases by a constant amount

A

Hick’s Law

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19
Q

the “statement of a stable relationship between 2 variables”

A

scientific law

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20
Q

laws allow us to _________

A

predict

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21
Q

t or f: laws in behavioral sciences are rare

A

true

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22
Q

when uncertainty increases, your RT will ______________ by a predictable amount; ex tennis(see notes)

A

increase

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23
Q

stage devoted to movement response

A

movement programming

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24
Q

what is an example of an experiment that displays the movement programming stage?

A

Henry and Rogers Experiment(1960)

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25
Q

what is the dependent variable in the Henry and Rogers Experiment? independent variable?

A

RT; movement complexity

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26
Q

what did the Henry and Rogers Experiment find? (2 parts)

A

increase in movement complexity=increase in RT; humans organize/plan movements in advance

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27
Q

what concept are the results of the Henry and Rogers Experiment consistent with?

A

motor program

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28
Q

refers to expecting or predicting what is going to happen in the environment(stimulus); can influence info processing

A

anticipation

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29
Q

what are the 2 types of anticipation?

A

spatial and temporal

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30
Q

anticipation where you know what your stimulus will be, just not when it will occur; you can decide your response in advance

A

spatial anticipation

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31
Q

anticipation where you know when the stimulus will occur, just not what it will be, you can begin movement programming in advance of stimulus

A

temporal anticipation

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32
Q

to take advantage of ___________ anticipation, you must have ____________ anticipation

A

temporal; spatial

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33
Q

having temporal and spatial anticipation eliminates what 2 stages of info processing?

A

stimulus identification and response selection

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34
Q

what happens to sprinters in a track meet when they start earlier than 100ms after the start? why?

A

they are disqualified because it is believed that they anticipated the start, which would be unfair

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35
Q

the capacity to process info

A

attention

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36
Q

attention is a _____________ resource

A

limited

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37
Q

occurs when your demand for attention exceeds your capacity to allocate attention, causing your performance to suffer

A

interference

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38
Q

______________ killed 3142 people and injured 424,000 people in the US in 2019, causes 9 deaths, and 1161 injuries per day

A

distracted driving

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39
Q

_____% of distractions while driving are avoidable

A

92

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40
Q

what 2 types of processing are used?

A

parallel and serial

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41
Q

processing where you can deal with other things at the same time

A

parallel processing

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42
Q

processing where you must deal with the task before moving on

A

serial processing

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43
Q

what type(s) of processing is/are the norm during stimulus identification?

A

parallel

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44
Q

demand for attention during stimulus identification is ______

A

low

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45
Q

what phenomenon proves the presence of parallel processing during stimulus identification? how?

A

stroop effect–brain sees color and word at exactly the same time, causing conflict

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46
Q

what type(s) of processing is/are the norm during response selection?

A

both parallel and serial

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47
Q

how do you determine what type of processing is used in response selection?

A

depends on the amount of practice

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48
Q

slow, serial processing, attention demanding

A

controlled processing

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49
Q

fast, parallel processing, not attention demanding

A

automatic processing

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50
Q

what type(s) of processing is/are used during movement programming?

A

serial

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51
Q

how is serial processing in the movement programming stage studied?

A

double-stimulation paradigm

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52
Q

what causes the delay in the double-stimulation paradigm

A

the presence of S1

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53
Q

what is the delay in the double-stimulation paradigm called?

A

psychological refractory period

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54
Q

what causes the psychological refractory period

A

bottleneck

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55
Q

SOAs between ___ and ___ms will produce the psychological refractory period; which causes the longest delay?

A

50 and 300; 50

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56
Q

how long does it take S1 to leave the bottleneck?

A

300ms

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57
Q

what is the benefit to the psychological refractory period? explain

A

may be protective–ensures that a response to a dangerous stimulus is produced without interference

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58
Q

focus that monitors the feeling of an ongoing movement

A

internal focus

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59
Q

focusing on a target, such as an object to be struck or the intended effect the action will have on the environment

A

external focus

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60
Q

which type of focus results in better performance?

A

external

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61
Q

what is the notion of why internal focus is detrimental called? explain

A

constrained action hypothesis–internal focus may cause someone to try to control movement, which may interfere with automatic/unconscious control

62
Q

________ can influence arousal

A

stress

63
Q

the __________________ represents a view of the relationship between arousal and performance

A

inverted-u principle

64
Q

explain the inverted-u principle

A

increased arousal enhances performance to a certain point, but after that can be detrimental

65
Q

tendency for the perceptual field to shrink; this is important because it allows the person to devote more attention to those sources of info that are immediately most likely and relevant; excessive arousal could mean missing information

A

perceptual narrowing

66
Q

scenario in which a performer changes a hormonal routine or fails to adapt to a changing situation in a failed performance

A

choking under pressure

67
Q

what commonly causes choking under pressure?

A

a change from external to internal focus

68
Q

what are the 2 types of human control systems?

A

open-loop and closed-loop

69
Q

what are the 3 components of a closed-loop system?

A

executive, effector, and comparator

70
Q

part of closed-loop system that makes decisions

A

executive

71
Q

worker part of closed-loop system

A

effector

72
Q

part of closed-loop system that compares what was intended to what is happening; computes error

A

comparator

73
Q

name one example of a closed-loop system

A

heating/AC unit, inserting contact lens, or picking up a glass of water

74
Q

name one example of an open-loop system

A

swinging a bat, snapping fingers, toaster

75
Q

what are the 2 main differences between closed and open-loop systems?

A

time difference and closed uses feedback

76
Q

a rapid movement is less than ___ms, and is primarily open-loop

A

20

77
Q

slow movement is more than ___ms, and is primarily closed-loop system

A

200

78
Q

what are the 3 types of feedback info for motor control?

A

proprioception, exteroception, and exproprioception

79
Q

info about body position and movement, relative to the body

A

proprioception

80
Q

info about the external environment, relative to the environment

A

exteroception

81
Q

info about body position and movement, relative to the environment

A

exproprioception

82
Q

what are the 7 sources of feedback info for motor control?

A

-vision
-audition
-vestibular apparatus
-joint receptors
-golgi tendon organs
-muscle spindles
-cutaneous receptors

83
Q

sense of hearing

A

audition

84
Q

located in inner ears; consists of semicircular canals filled with fluid, as well as otolith organs; provides info about head position relative to gravity, and rotary and linear acceleration of the head; contributes to balance and visual tracking

A

vestibular apparatus

85
Q

located in joint capsules; provide info about joint position; most sensitive near limits of range of motion(protects you from overextension or overflexion)

A

joint receptors

86
Q

located at the junction between a muscle and a tendon; provides info about tendon/muscle tension; tendon organs can elicit an inhibitory response(can cause a muscle to relax, more pressure than expected; ex. knee buckles when missing a step)

A

golgi tendon organs

87
Q

provide info about muscle length and rate of change of length(stretch); can elicit an excitatory response

A

muscle spindles

88
Q

figure out knee jerk reflex

A
89
Q

located in the skin; at least 6 different kinds; provide info about pain, pressure, temperature, and vibration

A

cutaneous receptors

90
Q

what device does vision work similarly to?

A

old fashioned camera

91
Q

the film in a camera is analogus to the __________ in the eye

A

retina

92
Q

part of eye that does most of the focusing

A

cornea

93
Q

part of eye that changes size to control the amount of light entering

A

pupil

94
Q

part of eye that fine tunes focusing; changes shape

A

lens

95
Q

center of the retina; 100% cones; is whatever is “in focus”

A

fovea

96
Q

explain the process of light moving through eye(just locations-7)

A

cornea–>pupil–>lens–>vitreous gel–>retina–>optic nerve–>brain

97
Q

why do we not see a blind spot if each of our eyes has one?

A

both eyes compensate for the other

98
Q

what are the 2 visual streams called?

A

ventral stream and dorsal stream

99
Q

visual stream that primarily uses light that strikes the fovea(2% of visual field); high clarity but needs lots of light

A

ventral

100
Q

what “question” does the ventral stream answer?

A

what is it?

101
Q

does the ventral stream use conscious or unconscious processing?

A

conscious

102
Q

which visual stream uses light that strikes the entire retina?

A

dorsal

103
Q

the dorsal stream has _________ light sensitivity, but _________ clarity than the ventral stream

A

greater; lower

104
Q

produced by movement and changing of optic array

A

optic flow

105
Q

optic flow is used to…

A

detect movement

106
Q

does detecting optic flow require attention?

A

no

107
Q

entire optic array changes; experiencing your own movement

A

global

108
Q

only a part of the optic array/visual field changes; experiencing the movement of something else

A

local

109
Q

outward flow; moving forward in environment

A

expansion

110
Q

inward flow; moving backwards in environment

A

convergence

111
Q

what is another name for local expansion?

A

looming

112
Q

moving parallel/side to side

A

lamellar flow

113
Q

no optic flow whatsoever(no movement)

A

non-flow

114
Q

what are the 3 reflexes?

A

M1(monosynaptic), M2(polysynaptic), and triggered reaction

115
Q

how long is the M1 reflex? and what is the most common example of it?

A

30-50ms; knee-jerk reflex

116
Q

how long is the M2 reflex?

A

50-80ms

117
Q

how long is the triggered reaction?

A

80-120ms

118
Q

in which 2 reflexes is the brain involved?

A

M2 and triggered reaction

119
Q

why is the knee-jerk reflex so quick?

A

the information never goes to the brain, it only goes to the spinal cord

120
Q

what are the only 2 receptor senses that Ian Waterman still feels?

A

temperature and some pain

121
Q

removal of sensory info

A

deafferentation

122
Q

what did the deafferentation experiments prove?

A

sensory info from a limb is not necessary for movement production; chickens can have no brain and still walk around if brainstem is still there

123
Q

what is the best example of the existing of motor programs?

A

mechanically blocking of a limb

124
Q

see notes on mechanically blocking limb

A
125
Q

similar to the motor program and is said to control certain types of movements like human locomotion(walking), chewing and even breathing

A

central program generator(CPG)

126
Q

t or f: CPGs are inherited and usually functional at birth

A

true

127
Q

______ are the main reason we don’t go through life thinking “left foot, right foot” while walking

A

CPGs

128
Q

shown by moving an infant across the floor so its feet touch the floor, and the infant will move its feet in a stepping motion

A

stepping reflex

129
Q

CPGs reside in the __________

A

spinal cord

130
Q

what does the stepping reflex prove?

A

that we are born with CPGs for walking

131
Q

what are the 2 problems with the original notion of motor programs?

A

storage problem(how many programs could we even store) and novelty problem(where would the new programs even come from)

132
Q

what is the name of the theory that solves the storage and novelty problems?

A

generalized motor program(GMP) theory

133
Q

a motor program that defines a general pattern of movement rather than a specific movement

A

GMP

134
Q

how did GMP solve the storage and novelty problems?

A

it showed that we only need to store 1 program that can be adapted in different ways

135
Q

info must be specified in programming process in order to execute a skilled movement

A

GMP theory

136
Q

what are the 2 forms that the GMP theory comes in?

A

parameters and invariant features

137
Q

modifiable features of a GMP

A

parameters

138
Q

what are the 3 parameters of a GMP?

A

movement time, movement amplitude, and effector

139
Q

phonograph: record

A

GMP and invariant features

140
Q

phonograph: speed control

A

movement time parameter

141
Q

phonograph: volume control

A

amplitude parameter

142
Q

phonograph: speaker switch

A

effector parameter

143
Q

unmodifiable features of a GMP

A

invariant features

144
Q

what are the 3 invariant features of a GMP?

A

-order of muscle activation
-relative timing(phasing) of muscle activation
-relative force of muscle activation

145
Q

GMPs are stored in memory as ______________

A

invariant features

146
Q

an alternative approach to the motor program notion is the _______________

A

dynamical persepctive

147
Q

the _______________ perspective states that regularity in movement patterns(invariance) is not represented in a program, rather it occurs naturally due to the interaction of system components(ex. physical properties of the system)

A

dynamical

148
Q

the dynamical perspective displays the belief that like pendulums, humans can ______________

A

self-organize

149
Q

what do we believe to be the truth about how humans move, according to motor programs and the dynamical perspective?

A

human movement results from a combination of both

150
Q
A
151
Q
A

KNH 184 (6 decks)

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