Module Three Grammar Notes

Question 1

Why use て-form?

Answer 1

1. Describing two or more events/activities in a
   sentence (remember that only the first verb will be
   changed to the TE form and the final verb carries
   the tense of the entire sentence).

    Example: あさごはんをたべて、はをみがいて、が
                    っこうにいきます。(I will eat breakfast,
                     brush my teeth, then go to school.)

2. Casual commands / polite requests
3. Present Progressive form (conveys an action that is in progress or a state of being someone/something is) （〜ています・〜ている）
4. Clarifying the order of actions (〜てから)

    Example: へやをそうじしてから、でかけます。(I 
                    will go out after cleaning my room.)

In Module Three, we will focus on making casual commands/ polite requests with て-form by using ください。

Question 2

Right and left body parts:

Answer 2

左 (left) and 右 (right) can be attached to the word for the body part without worrying about a particle.

Examples: 右手 (right hand); 左足 (right leg/foot); 右耳 (right ear); 左目 (left eye)

Question 3

～とき:

Answer 3

Literally means “at the time when ～, Verb…” but usually means “when.”

Verbs: Use plain affirmative form or plain negative form
of verb before とき. To describe past events,
conjugate the verb to past tense.
い adjectives: No conjugation required.
な adjectives: Must use な before とき.

Example: べんきょうするとき、いすにすわる。(When I
study, I sit in a chair.)

Question 4

～ Verbひつようがある：

Answer 4

Literally means “There is a need to VERB” but is usually translated to “You need to VERB.” Use the plain present tense of VERB.

Example: げんきなので、くすりをのむひつようがあり
ません。( Since you are healthy, you don’t
need to take medicine.)

Question 5

Godan Verb て-form conjugations:

Answer 5

1. If verb ends with	う, つ, or る, the last character 
   becomes って
        Examples:
        あう (to meet) →あって
        まつ (to wait)→まって
        とる(to take) →とって

2. If verb ends with む, ぶ, or ぬ, the last character 
    becomes んで
    Examples:
    よむ (to read) →よんで
    あそぶ (to play)→あそんで
    しぬ (to die) →しんで

3. If verb ends with く, it will become いて
   (EXCEPTION!!! いく(to go) →いって)
   Example:
   かく (to write)→かいて

4. If verb ends with ぐ, it becomes いで
    Example:
    およぐ (to swim) →およいで
5. Ends	with す
Rule	すBecome して
Example
はなす (to	speak) →はなして
Type	of	Verb:	Ichidan	Verbs	(る	verb)	
Ends	with	る
Rule	Replaceるwithて
Example
たべる(to	eat)	→たべて
Irregular	Verbs	する and	くる
No	Rules
Examples
する(to	do)→して
くる(to	come) →きて