Module One Grammar Notes

Question 1

いちだん verb:

Answer 1

Always end in る in dictionary form.

If there is an い or え vowel sound preceding the る, then most likely it will be a る verb.

Examples: 食べる、見る

Question 2

ごだん verb:

Answer 2

Stem usually ends in an い sound.

Have five forms of conjugation (negative, affirmative, plain, conditional, vocational)

Examples: あそびます、はなします

Question 3

いちだん verbs (polite to plain):

Answer 3

Drop the ます and add る to the stem.

Examples: 食べます ー＞ 食べる；見ます ー＞ 見る

Question 4

いちだん verbs (plain form negative):

Answer 4

Drop the る in dictionary form and add ない to the stem.

Examples: 食べる ー＞ 食べない；見る ー＞ 見ない

Question 5

ごだん verbs (polite to plain):

Answer 5

Drop the ます. Then change the final い sound to an う sound.

Examples: あそびます ー＞ あそぶ；話します ー＞ 話す

Question 6

ごだん verbs (plain form negative):

Answer 6

Change the final う sound in the dictionary form to an あ sound.

***Exception!!! If the final character is う, change the final character to わ.

Examples: あそぶ ー＞ あそばない；話す ー＞ 話さない

Question 7

Irregular verbs:

Answer 7

Do not follow いちだん or ごだん conjugation rules. There is no rule for these verbs.

Examples: する、くる

Question 8

Negative past tense (plain):

Answer 8

Take the negative present tense of a verb and drop the い. Then add かった to it.

Question 9

い adjectives:

Answer 9

Always end in い.

Negative present: Drop the い and addくない (informal)/くありません (polite).

Past affirmative and past negative: Drop the い (in either dictionary form or negative) and add かった (informal)/ くありませんでした (formal).

Question 10

な adjectives:

Answer 10

Use particle な between adjective and noun, but does not use a particle if it comes at the end of a sentence. If it comes at the end of a sentence, です or だ are the copula verbs.

Negative present: Adjective + じゃない (informal)/ じゃありません (formal).

Past affirmative: Add だった as the copula verb.

Past negative: Drop the い in じゃない and add かった.

Question 11

より

Answer 11

Particle meaning “compared to”

Question 12

A は B より Adjectiveです。

Answer 12

Compared to B, A is more Adjective .

Question 13

A のほうが Adjective です。

Answer 13

A is more Adjective.

Question 14

A がいちばん Adjective です。

Answer 14

A is the most Adjective (lit. A is the number one Adjective ).

Question 15

私は SOMEONE に NOUN をあげる。

Answer 15

I give NOUN to SOMEONE (a friend or family member).

Question 16

私は SOMEONE に NOUN をさしあげる。

Answer 16

I give NOUN to SOMEONE (a superior)

Question 17

SOMEONE は 私に NOUN をくれる。

Answer 17

SOMEONE (a friend or family member) gives me NOUN.

Question 18

私は SOMEONE に NOUN をくもらう。

Answer 18

I receive NOUN from SOMEONE (a friend or family member).

Question 19

私は SOMEONE に NOUN をいただく。

Answer 19

I receive NOUN from SOMEONE (a superior).

Question 20

私は NOUN がほしい。

Answer 20

I want NOUN.

Question 21

A か B

Answer 21

A or B

Examples: あかかしろがほしいです (I want the red or white one); やきそば か ラーメンを ください (I’ll have yakisoba or ramen).

Question 22

こ

Answer 22

Particle for counting small, round objects (doughnuts, mochi, chocolates, etc).

いり: includes～, contains～, set of～