Module Six: Early Childhood

Question 1

permissive parenting

Answer 1

warm and loving but does not enforce limits/tries to be child’s friend

Question 2

authoritative parenting

Answer 2

strict and harsh; minimal emotional warmth/respect

Question 3

uninvolved/neglectful parenting

Answer 3

cold/distant; uninterested in child

Question 4

height growth

Answer 4

about 3 inches every year in early childhood

Question 5

weight growth

Answer 5

4 - 5 pounds gained every year in early childhood

Question 6

brain development in early childhood

Answer 6

• cognitive capabilities improve
• prefrontal cortex development

Question 7

prefrontal cortex development

Answer 7

• increased attention
• self regulation
• understanding of games
• left hemisphere (language) and right hemisphere (spatial thinking) development

Question 8

sexual development in early childhood

Answer 8

• self-exploration used for tension release and sensory reasons

Question 9

enuresis

Answer 9

daytime wetting or bedwetting

Question 10

encopresis

Answer 10

repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places

Question 11

nutrition in early childhood

Answer 11

USDA meal pattern recommendations

Question 12

obesity in early childhood

Answer 12

• categorized as children over 20% of their ideal weight
• risk of bullying, diabetes, etc.

Question 13

self-concept in early childhood

Answer 13

• self -description according to external and internal qualities
  i.e. “i love cats and dogs. i hate
  thunderstorms.”

Question 14

self-esteem in early childhood

Answer 14

• evaluative judgment about who we are
  i.e. “i’m a good boy”

Question 15

piaget’s thoughts on intelligence

Answer 15

• intelligence allows children to adapt to environment
• children wish to achieve equilibrium between their mind and the environment.
• children are constructivists

Question 16

piaget and play

Answer 16

• believed play helped early childhood schemas

Question 17

conservation errors

Answer 17

know that rearranging things do not change the quantity
i.e. same amount of water in wide vs skinny glass is still same amount of water

Question 18

classification errors

Answer 18

difficulty understanding that an object can be classified in more
than one way
i.e. more brown cookies or more (just) cookies

Question 19

animism errors

Answer 19

attributing lifelike qualities to objects is referred to as animism
i.e. the chair that fell on me is “mean”

Question 20

freud and play

Answer 20

• sees play asa way people release pent up emotions

Question 21

divided attention

Answer 21

ability to switch focus between things

Question 22

selective attention

Answer 22

ability to focus on something while ignoring distractions

Question 23

sustained attention

Answer 23

ability to stay on task for long periods of time

Question 24

implicit memory

Answer 24

involves procedures for completing actions practiced over time
i.e. playing a sport naturally after learning rules and skills of the sport

Question 25

explicit memory

Answer 25

involves memory of facts, concepts, and events that require conscious recall of the information

Question 26

early childhood memories

Answer 26

at 2 - 4 years old, memories of the past become more complex

Question 27

dual representation

Answer 27

ability that demonstrated that three year-olds could find hidden objects after being shown scale model of room.

Question 28

vygotsky on self talk

Answer 28

inner speech to
clarify thoughts

Question 29

piaget on self talk

Answer 29

child is egocentric and does not see perspectives of others yet

Question 30

executive function

Answer 30

self-regulation/cognitive flexibility that helps children to adapt to new situations and reach goals

Question 31

ADHD in early childhood

Answer 31

• children with impairments in prefrontal cortex
• creates delays in self-regulation and attention

Question 32

gender constancy

Answer 32

the knowledge that gender does not change in early childhood

Question 33

egocentricism

Answer 33

the tendency of children to think that everyone sees things in the same way as them in early childhood

Question 34

theory of mind

Answer 34

understanding perspective of others, hard in early childhood because of egocentricism