Module One: Introduction to Development: Theories, Theorists and Perspectives

Question 1

prenatal development stage period

Answer 1

conception - birth

Question 2

infancy and toddlerhood period

Answer 2

birth - 2 years old

Question 3

early childhood period

Answer 3

3 - 5 years old

Question 4

middle childhood period

Answer 4

6 - 11 years old

Question 5

adolescence period

Answer 5

12 years old - adulthood

Question 6

nature vs. nurture

Answer 6

debate on if heredity or environment or both have a bigger influence on shaping who we are

Question 7

continuity vs. discontinuity

Answer 7

debate on if development is gradual or abrupt (stages?)

Question 8

active vs. passive

Answer 8

debate on if children have a more active role on their development or if the environment plays a bigger role in development

Question 9

nature theorists

Answer 9

• explore biological maturation/impact of genes

Question 10

sigmund freud

Answer 10

• psychoanalytic theorist
• studied the impact of childhood experiences on adulthood
• saw development in stages (oral, anal, etc.)

Question 11

nurture theorists

Answer 11

believed children were born a blank slate, shaped by their environment

Question 12

ian pavlov

Answer 12

• classical conditioning

Question 13

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 13

causes a response without any prior learning

Question 14

unconditioned response

Answer 14

automatic response to a stimulus

Question 15

conditioned stimulus

Answer 15

previously neutral stimulus that eventually triggers a conditioned response

Question 16

conditioned response

Answer 16

the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus

Question 17

oral stage

Answer 17

• birth - 2 years old
• infant is all “Id” (primitive part of our psyche driven by instincts)
• all stimulation and comfort-focused on the mouth based on sucking reflex

Question 18

anal stage

Answer 18

• stage of potty training and managing biological urges
• beginning development of ego
• fixation to the stage may result in OCD like behaviours or lack of self-control

Question 19

phallic stage

Answer 19

• early childhood
• development of the superego
• develop a sense of masculinity/femininity

Question 20

latency stage

Answer 20

• middle childhood
• urges quiet down and focus on friendship
• ego and superego refined through cooperation development

Question 21

genital stage

Answer 21

• puberty - adulthood
• preoccupation is sex and reproduction

Question 22

behaviourist theorists

Answer 22

• focuses on responses to environment

Question 23

b.f. skinner

Answer 23

• behaviourist
• operant conditioning
• reinforcement

Question 24

positive reinforcement

Answer 24

• reward to encourage behaviour
  i.e. giving a child a cookie for cleaning up toys

Question 25

negative reinforcement

Answer 25

• taking away something unpleasant to encourage behaviour
  i.e. alarm clock in the morning

Question 26

positive punishment

Answer 26

• giving an unwanted consequence to discourage behaviour
  i.e. spanking

Question 27

negative punishment

Answer 27

• taking away a pleasant stimulus to discourage behaviour
  i.e. timeout

Question 28

jean piaget

Answer 28

• constructivist
• believed children construct learning through environmental interaction
• piaget’s stages (sensorimotor, pre-operational)

Question 29

sensorimotor stage

Answer 29

• 0 - 2 years old
• children rely heavily on senses and motor skills

Question 30

preoperational stage

Answer 30

• 2 - 7 years old
• think about the world using symbols
• use of language
• still do not understand how the physical world operates

Question 31

concrete operation stage

Answer 31

• 7 - 11 years old
• develop ability to think logically about physical world
• understand size, distance, cause and effect

Question 32

formal operational stage

Answer 32

• 12 years old
• develop ability to think logically about concrete and abstract events

Question 33

lee vygotsky

Answer 33

• behaviourist
• believed cognitive abilities were socially constructed
• believed language created shared meaning/necessary for thought
• sociocultural theory

Question 34

sociocultural theory

Answer 34

• emphasized importance of culture and interaction in development of cognitive abilities

Question 35

schemas

Answer 35

mental frameworks for acquiring knowledge (general common knowledge about things)

Question 36

assimilation

Answer 36

adding to an existing schema

Question 37

accommodation

Answer 37

modifying or creating a new scheme

Question 38

zone of proximal development

Answer 38

gap between what a child can do
independently versus with
assistance

Question 39

scaffolding

Answer 39

guidance of a caregiver in a child’s development of cognitive skills

Question 40

albert bandura

Answer 40

• social psychologist
• believed behaviours were learned through imitation
• bobo doll experiment
• studied reciprocal determinism

Question 41

reciprocal determinism

Answer 41

interaction between environment
and individual determines
learning outcomes

Question 42

erik erikson

Answer 42

• constructivist
• believed that our relationships and society’s expectations motivate much of our behaviour
• emphasized importance of culture in parenting practices and motivations

Question 43

id

Answer 43

part of the self that responds to biological urges without pause and is guided by the principle of pleasure

Question 44

ego

Answer 44

part of the self that is guided by logic or the reality principle; able to manage urges

Question 45

superego

Answer 45

represents society’s demands for its members