Module Five: Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

infant proportions

Answer 1

• ~7.5 pounds at birth
• at birth, head is 25% of body

Question 2

pre-frontal cortex

Answer 2

• last part of brain to develop
• planning, self-regulating, decision making
• continues into mid 20s

Question 3

lateralization

Answer 3

specialization of certain areas of the brain

Question 4

infants sleep

Answer 4

~16 hours a day

Question 5

toddlers sleep

Answer 5

~10 hours a day

Question 6

kwashiorkor disease

Answer 6

• inadequate protein/calories
• abdomen swells as body tries to gain protein from organs

Question 7

marasmus disease

Answer 7

• starvation due to inadequate calories and protein

Question 8

hearing in infants

Answer 8

begins at 7 months gestation

Question 9

when baby is ready for solids

Answer 9

• able to sit alone
• hold head up
• shows interest in food
• hungry after bottle feed
• indicates when full

Question 10

habituation

Answer 10

infants exposed to a stimuli repeatedly will eventually lose interest

Question 11

substage one: reflex activity

Answer 11

• -0 - 1 months
• learn about the world from already existing reflexes

Question 12

substage two: primary circular reactions

Answer 12

• 1 - 4 months
• learns to repeat simple actions with own body (making a noise with mouth)

Question 13

substage three: secondary circular reactions

Answer 13

• 4 - 8 months
• interact with objects

Question 14

substage four: coordination of circular reactions

Answer 14

• 8 - 12 months
• using planning to achieve motor goal (getting toy from under the table)

Question 15

substage five: tertiary circular reactions

Answer 15

• 12 - 18 months
• trial and error of exploring world (what happens when dumping bucket of water)

Question 16

substage six: mental representation formation

Answer 16

• 18 - 24 months
• beginning of pretend play

Question 17

object permanence

Answer 17

• the idea that something still exists even out of sight
• piaget believed began at 8 months
• but infants at 3 months are able to track hidden objects

Question 18

infantile amnesia

Answer 18

• most people cannot recall first 2 - 3 years of life

Question 19

memories depend on

Answer 19

language development, understanding of self, hippocampus development

Question 20

noah chomsky

Answer 20

• believed infants were born with a language acquisition device that makes them naturally ready to learn language
• believed language develops as long as exposure

Question 21

fast-mapping

Answer 21

allows children to go from hundreds to thousands of words

Question 22

literal meaning

Answer 22

interpreting figures of speech as literal meaning

Question 23

overgeneralization

Answer 23

applying grammar rules without exceptions

Question 24

emotions at birth

Answer 24

• attraction / withdrawal

Question 25

emotions at 3 - 5 months

Answer 25

• social smile (pleasure)

Question 26

emotions at 6 - 15 months

Answer 26

• stranger / separation anxiety

Question 27

self-regulation

Answer 27

• caregivers need to soothe everything early on until infants 4 - 6 months know how