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Advanced Pathophysiology > Module One - Unit 1 > Flashcards

Module One - Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

eukaryotes

A

membrane-bound organelles, well-defined nucleus
examples : higher animals, plants, fungi, & protozoa

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2
Q

prokaryotes

A

lack of a distinct nucleus
examples : cyanobacteria, bacteria, & Rickettsiae

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3
Q

Function of a nucleus (yellow part of an egg)

A

cell division and control of genetic information

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4
Q

Function of cytoplasm (white part of an egg)

A

fills the space between the nucleus and cell membrane. Transports waste, metabolic process, motility, and storage.

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5
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

synthesizes proteins

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6
Q

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

protein synthesis and senses cellular stress

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7
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

power stations produce energy

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8
Q

Function of Golgi complex

A

refining plant & directs traffic especially transports proteins in and out of cell

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9
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

signaling

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10
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

“Pac-Man”, eats anything in front of it, digestion, and nutrient signaling

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11
Q

Components of eukaryotic cell nucleus

A

Polar: water soluble, hydroPHILIC, head

Non-polar: hydroPHOBIC, fat-soluble body

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12
Q

Signal Transduction: First messengers

A

signals one way

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13
Q

Signal Transduction: Second messengers

A

signals two ways, CAMP and calcium

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14
Q

Anabolism

A

energy metabolism, energy goes upwards

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15
Q

Catabolism

A

energy releasing, or energy goes down, and energy is released from the cell in a form called ATP

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16
Q

Cellular Metabolism

A

When molecules of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are catabolized, this energy is transferred to ATP

Six molecules for each molecule of glucose

Citric acid cycle, Krebs cycle, and TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle

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17
Q

Passive membrane transport

A

does NOT require energy

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18
Q

Active membrane transport

A

requires life and energy

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19
Q

What is the biggest 2-way messenger

A

Calcium

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20
Q

Osmolality

A

concentration of molecules per weight of water

21
Q

Phagocytosis is

A

pac-man, large molecular substances engulfed and enter cell to be destroyed, lysosomal enzymes

22
Q

Cellular adaptation - Ischemia

A

due to hypoxia & reduces blood flow

23
Q

Cellular adaptation - Infarction

A

cell death as failure of blood supply

24
Q

Electrical impulses of a cell

A

slide 24

25
Q

Electrical impulses of a cell

A

slide 25

26
Q

cellular adaptation - free radical

A

a molecule that has an unpaired electron that can pair with another molecule, double sided tape flapping and attached to what is in the area

27
Q

Infections

A

bring in macrophages and cause swelling and pressure

28
Q

Physical injury

A

crush cells and cause swelling and temperature variation

29
Q

Immune reactions

A

cells start attacking neighboring cells they see as a threat when they are not a threat

30
Q

chemical agents

A

changes the cytoplasm, transportation, and signaling as changes environment where cells work, like nicotine and lung cells

31
Q

Genetics

A

cells are screwed up from the start, blame your mother as most on X chromosome

32
Q

Nutrition

A

need building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

33
Q

Stem cells - hand slide

A

Philia - HIGH - Philly is in the north

Penia - LOW - Penis is down south

34
Q

What is ADH

A

the stop sign of the body to quit expelling water and increase reabsorption of water

35
Q

Mild S/S of hyperkalemia (K+>5.0)

A

tingling lips and fingers, restlessness, intestinal cramping, diarrhea, T-waves on ECG.

36
Q

Severe S/S of hyperkalemia (K+>5.0)

A

muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, paralysis

37
Q

Treatment for hyperkalemia

A

calcium gluconate, insulin/glucose, buffered solutions, dialysis

38
Q

What causes HYPOmagnesia ?

A

malabsorption

39
Q

What causes HYPERmagnesia

A

renal failure

40
Q

Decreasing Hydrogen ions

A

Decreasing H+ ions lead to a alkaline pH (7-14)

41
Q

Increasing Hydrogen ions

A

Increasing H+ ions will lead to an acidic pH (1-7)

42
Q

To maintain body’s pH (7.35-7.45), H+ must be

A

must be neutralized by the retention of bicarbonate or excreted

43
Q

What two ions are mainly concerned in acid-base balance

A

hydrogen - H+ & bicarb HCO3-

44
Q

If pH is low

A

the lungs will give off CO2 by increasing RR and the kidneys will increase hydrogen secretion

45
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression

46
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

depression of pCO2 as a result of hyperventilation

47
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

depression of bicarb or an increase in noncarbonic acids

48
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

elevation of bicarb, usually as a result of excessive loss of metabolic acids

49
Q

Manifestations & Treatment of Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Manifestations - dizziness, confusion, extremity tingling, convulsions
Treatment: breathe into a paper bag

Advanced Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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