Module One - Unit 1 Flashcards
eukaryotes
membrane-bound organelles, well-defined nucleus
examples : higher animals, plants, fungi, & protozoa
prokaryotes
lack of a distinct nucleus
examples : cyanobacteria, bacteria, & Rickettsiae
Function of a nucleus (yellow part of an egg)
cell division and control of genetic information
Function of cytoplasm (white part of an egg)
fills the space between the nucleus and cell membrane. Transports waste, metabolic process, motility, and storage.
Function of ribosomes
synthesizes proteins
Function of endoplasmic reticulum
protein synthesis and senses cellular stress
Function of mitochondria
power stations produce energy
Function of Golgi complex
refining plant & directs traffic especially transports proteins in and out of cell
Function of ribosomes
signaling
Function of lysosomes
“Pac-Man”, eats anything in front of it, digestion, and nutrient signaling
Components of eukaryotic cell nucleus
Polar: water soluble, hydroPHILIC, head
Non-polar: hydroPHOBIC, fat-soluble body
Signal Transduction: First messengers
signals one way
Signal Transduction: Second messengers
signals two ways, CAMP and calcium
Anabolism
energy metabolism, energy goes upwards
Catabolism
energy releasing, or energy goes down, and energy is released from the cell in a form called ATP
Cellular Metabolism
When molecules of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are catabolized, this energy is transferred to ATP
Six molecules for each molecule of glucose
Citric acid cycle, Krebs cycle, and TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle
Passive membrane transport
does NOT require energy
Active membrane transport
requires life and energy
What is the biggest 2-way messenger
Calcium
Osmolality
concentration of molecules per weight of water
Phagocytosis is
pac-man, large molecular substances engulfed and enter cell to be destroyed, lysosomal enzymes
Cellular adaptation - Ischemia
due to hypoxia & reduces blood flow
Cellular adaptation - Infarction
cell death as failure of blood supply
Electrical impulses of a cell
slide 24
Electrical impulses of a cell
slide 25
cellular adaptation - free radical
a molecule that has an unpaired electron that can pair with another molecule, double sided tape flapping and attached to what is in the area
Infections
bring in macrophages and cause swelling and pressure
Physical injury
crush cells and cause swelling and temperature variation
Immune reactions
cells start attacking neighboring cells they see as a threat when they are not a threat
chemical agents
changes the cytoplasm, transportation, and signaling as changes environment where cells work, like nicotine and lung cells
Genetics
cells are screwed up from the start, blame your mother as most on X chromosome
Nutrition
need building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
Stem cells - hand slide
Philia - HIGH - Philly is in the north
Penia - LOW - Penis is down south
What is ADH
the stop sign of the body to quit expelling water and increase reabsorption of water
Mild S/S of hyperkalemia (K+>5.0)
tingling lips and fingers, restlessness, intestinal cramping, diarrhea, T-waves on ECG.
Severe S/S of hyperkalemia (K+>5.0)
muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, paralysis
Treatment for hyperkalemia
calcium gluconate, insulin/glucose, buffered solutions, dialysis
What causes HYPOmagnesia ?
malabsorption
What causes HYPERmagnesia
renal failure
Decreasing Hydrogen ions
Decreasing H+ ions lead to a alkaline pH (7-14)
Increasing Hydrogen ions
Increasing H+ ions will lead to an acidic pH (1-7)
To maintain body’s pH (7.35-7.45), H+ must be
must be neutralized by the retention of bicarbonate or excreted
What two ions are mainly concerned in acid-base balance
hydrogen - H+ & bicarb HCO3-
If pH is low
the lungs will give off CO2 by increasing RR and the kidneys will increase hydrogen secretion
Respiratory Acidosis
elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression
Respiratory Alkalosis
depression of pCO2 as a result of hyperventilation
Metabolic Acidosis
depression of bicarb or an increase in noncarbonic acids
Metabolic Alkalosis
elevation of bicarb, usually as a result of excessive loss of metabolic acids
Manifestations & Treatment of Respiratory Alkalosis
Manifestations - dizziness, confusion, extremity tingling, convulsions
Treatment: breathe into a paper bag
