Joel's Module 1 Deck Flashcards
bacteria infection will show increase in _____ and bands of a CBC
neutrophils
individuals with at least one Y and 2 or more X chromosomes in each cell (XXY)
Klinefelter syndrome
cell that can become any type of cell needed for development
embryonic stem cells
this cell of inflammation is associated with allergies and asthma
basophils
this stage of wound healing begins 3-4 days after the injury and continues for 2 weeks, where cells from healthy tissue grow into the wound
Stage 2 - reconstruction
IRRS
example of autosomal recessive inheritance where the child is affected and not the parents
cystic fibrosis
Interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, CSF, lymphatic, synovial, sweat, urine are types of ____ fluid.
extracellular
hyperactivity of growth-related gene products
oncogenes
the body is made up of 4 levels of organization. what are they ?
cells, tissues, organs, systems
this system activates the inflammatory cells causing blood vessel dilation and vascular permeability
kinin
cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tissues close to blood vessels
mast cells
during chronic inflammation rest is needed for ______ formation to take place
granuloma
pregnancy causing the increase in size of the uterine is a form of what type of hypertrophy
physiologic
receptors that make availability for membranes like an egg carton a place for each cell
plasma membrane
DNA is made up of four nitrogenous bases and one pentose ____ and one phosphate group
sugar
below the threshold and individual appears normal; above the threshold the disease affects the person
threshold of liability
Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid ______ while oncotic pressure draws fluid in
out
a combination of ____ and alcohol consumption increases a persons risk of malignant tumors
smoking
during the resting state, where is K+ in relation to the cell ?
inside
what is it called when energy is used during metabolism
anabolism
occurs in the cytoplasm and there are 6 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule
gylcolysis
type 2 hypersensitivity reactions is also known as what phase ?
tissue-specific
an overgrowth condition accompanied by an increased predisposition to cancer
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome chromosome 11
number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period
incidence rate
the process by which a cell ingests and disposes of foreign material
phagocytosis
Lactic acidosis, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea, starvation can lead to what acid-base imbalance?
Metabolic Acidosis
thin, tough, flexible and lies beneath the epithelial cells
basement membrane
Utilizing the World Health Organization TNM staging system, what does M represent
extent of metastases
0 : none
1 : demonstrable
2 : suspected
tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) develops the capacity to block _____ and natural killer cell function
T-cell
Hypermagnesemia is most often from
renal failure
type of immunity that protects against bacteria and viruses, primarily through use of B-cells
humoral immunity
adipose tissue secretes ____ that can help cancer growth
adipokines
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure is caused by venous _____
obstruction
during Type-1:IgE-mediated reaction, an increase in gastric secretions, decrease in the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils manifests from which receptor ?
H2
an autosomal dominant that has been linked to chromosomes 13 & 17
breast cancer
gene expression happens in which type of cell formation
morphogenesis
2 identical alleles
homozygous
interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are all types of
inflammatory cytokines
Dizziness, confusion, parasthesias, convulsions, and coma can result from which acid-base imbalance ?
Respiratory Alkalosis
immunization with tumor antigens to illicit or enhance the immune response against a particular cancer is a form of ______ immunization
active
this dysfunction of wound healing, usually occurs 5-12 days after suture has too much pressure
dehiscence
utilizing the World Health Organization TNM staging system, what does T represent
primary tumor # and size of tumor
carcinoma in situ _____ malignant
is not
Like DNA, RNA has 4 nitrogenous bases, rather than thymine as one, RNA has
Uracil
Decreased neuromuscular excitability, muscle weakness and atony, cardiac dysrhythmias, U-waves on ECG are associated with which electrolyte imbalance ?
Hypokalemia
what interphase does DNA synthesis occur ?
S phase
this cancerous cell has not broken through the basement membrane or invaded stroma (supportive tissue or epithelial)
carcinoma in situ
a thymus shrinking in a child is a ______ form of atrophy
physiologic
active transport that takes cells from the outside
endocytosis
against environmental antigens (allergens)
Type 1 IgE-mediated reaction
most rare antibody common in allergic reactions
IgE
IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and does what
helps with healing
Noncarbonic acids increase or bicarbonate lost from ECF in which acid-base balance ?
Metabolic acidosis
cell shrinkage is referred to as
atrophy
cancers are usually fast growing and have metastasized before a diagnosis is made in this population
child
disease causing tumors to brain, spinal cord, and nerves
neurofibromatosis
Utilizing the World Health Organization TNM staging system, what does N represent ?
lymph node involvement. higher the number the more nodes involved
if 1st degree relative is affected by breast or colon cancer the rise of developing cancer _____
increase
itching, erythema, headaches, contract of respiratory bronchioles, laryngeal edema, vomiting, diarrhea, and vascular collapse are what type of reaction
anaphylaxis
an increase in _____ is associated with viral infections
lymphocytes
antibody more protective activity in body secretions
IgA
second messengers signal ______ ways
2
antibody that is most protective activity against infection
IgG
causes shrinkage or the disappearance of tumors
induction chemotherapy
type of epigenetic modification that increases or decreases bond between DNA and histones
histone modification
the extent of variation in phenotype associated with a particular genotype
expressivity
binds to mast cells; cross-linking causes the release of histamine from mast cell degranulation
Type-1 IgE-mediated reaction
cancers arising from epithelial tissue
carcinoma
surface proteins that bind cell to adjacent cells
adhesion cells
What hormone stops expelling of water and increases reabsorption ?
ADH
where enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation are housed
mitochondria
enzyme that uses oxygen to remove hydrogen
peroxisomes
Hypoxia, acidosis, insulin deficiency, cell trauma, and digitalis overdose can all lead to this electrolyte imbalance ?
hyperkalemia
the movement of Na and K+ is an example of ____ transport
active
the mediator has similar effects to histamine
leukotrienes
turns proteins into amino acids by endocytosis
lysosomes
antibody that inactivates or blocks the binding of an antigen to a receptor directly by _____
neutralization
hypogammaglobulinema or agammaglobulinemia where normal infants experience recurrent mild respiratory tract infections
predominantly antibody deficiencies
when females only have 1 X chromosome
Turner syndrome
When Na moves into the cell, this is known as
depolarization
in genetic imprinting (one gene expressed, the other suppressed), when the deletion is inherited from the father the child will manifest what syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
chronic inflammation of GI tract, ulcerative colitis for 10 years or more have a 30x increase of ____ cancer.
colon
symptom complexes are triggered by a cancer but are not caused by direct local effects of the tumor mass but from the biologic substances released by the tumor (e.g. hormones) or an immune response triggered by the tumor
paraneoplastic syndrome
Headaches, restlessness, blurred vision, apprehension, lethargy, muscle twitching, and coma are symptoms of which acid-base imbalance?
Respiratory Acidosis
inherited disease where neurons/nerve cells break down
Huntington disease
decrease in plasma proteins and increase in plasma Na & H2O retention causes a _____ in capillary oncotic pressure
decrease
DNA is made of how many types of nitrogenous bases ?
4
cancer cells secrete _____ which digest the extracellular matrix and basement membranes, creating pathways for the cells to move
protease
DNA provides the code for all body proteins. Proteins are composed of _____ and one or more polypeptides
amino acids
there are ___ types of hypersensitivity reactions
4
Treatment of hyperkalemia consist of calcium gluconate, insulin/glucose, buffered solutions, and _____.
Dialysis
presents an increased risk of developing Wilms tumor or hepatoblastoma
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome chromosome 11
____ is considered to be a human carcinogen
alcohol
secretory (mucosal) immune response major function is to ___ viral and bacterial invasion before local or systemic disease develops
halt
programmed cellular death is known as
apoptosis
calcium and phosphate are regulated by which 3 hormones
parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin
a trisomy of chromosome 21
Downs syndrome
causes basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma
ultraviolet radiation
how severe a disease is
expressivity
linked to cancer of lung, mouth, lips, nasals, sinuses, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, kidney, uterus, cervix, colon, rectum, liver, and acute leukemia
tobacco
nucleotide sequences
allele
cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, organs, binding, supporting, and storing are examples of which tissue ?
connective tissue
short stature, hypotonia, small hands & feet, obesity, mild to moderate intellectual disability, hypogonadism
Prader-Willi syndrome
water moving down a selective-permeable membrane
osmosis
eukaryote cells nucleus has _____ body, making it fat soluble
hydrophobic
related to unsuccessful acute inflammatory response
chronic inflammation
deletion of 4 million base pairs of the long arm of chromosome 15, inherited from the mother
Angelman syndrome
in this reaction, it is mediated by T-lymphocytes
Type 4:cell-mediated reaction
severe intellectual disability, seizures, and ataxic gait
Angelman syndrome
increased capillary permeability is caused by _____ and or inflammation
burns
____ increases insulin resistance-producing hyperinsulinemia. Insulin promotes growth factor 1
obesity
oncogenes are genes that direct _____ synthesis and cellular growth. Cells are over-expressed or mutated proto-oncogenes causing uncontrolled growth
protein
uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells
neoplasia
human t-cell lymphotropic virus is assocated with ____ and lymphoma
leukemia
____ have specific sites for binding to antibodies and lymphocytes
antigens
an increase in the number of cells related to the increase of cellular division is known as
hyperplasia
no generational skipping occurs in this autosomal inheritance
autosomal dominant inheritance
cancerous cells that are located in a contained area and have not spread to nearby tissue
carcinoma in situ
Tingling of lips and fingers, T-waves on ECG, muscle weakness are symptoms of which electrolyte imbalance ?
hyperkalemia
Stage ___ cancer has advanced to regional structures
3
Increase of capillary permeability from burns or inflammation cause a loss of plasma ____ into the interstitial space.
proteins
the process by which exogenous (outside cells) and endogenous (inside cells) antigens are linked with the appropriate molecules
antigen processing
venous obstructions, increase in salt and water retention, and heart failure can cause edema by ______ in capillary hydrostatic pressure
increase
this cell can divide without limits and each daughter cell can remain the same of differentiate
stem cell
Decreased transport of capillary protein leads to increased tissue ____ pressure causing edema
oncotic
this tissue has a cell body, no axon, and 1 or more dendrites
nervous
during this type of reaction specific cell or tissue is the target
Type 2 : tissue-specific reaction
if this antibody is high, there is an immediate infection, right now
IgM
directed against beneficial foreign tissues such as transfusions or transplants
alloimmunity
chemically like DNA but single stranded
RNA
smooth endoplasmic reticulum when dealing with
lipids
during human carcinogenesis, what is the mechanisms of activation
activation of proto-oncogenes, resulting in hyperactivity of growth-related gene products
when estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken this is referred to as ______ hyperplasia
hormonal
chromosomes develop breaks and gaps when the cells are cultured in a folate-deficient medium
fragile sites
in schizophrenia, brain-expressed genes whose products interact with _____ have been implicated ?
glutamate receptors
Weakness, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes are signs of which acid-base imbalance?
Metabolic Alkalosis
Angiotensinogen is associated with which organ?
liver
in genetic imprinting, when the deletion of a gene is inherited from the mother it causes what syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Lactic acidosis, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea, starvation (bulemia) can lead to what acid-base imbalance ?
Metabolic Acidosis
increase in cell size is known as
hypertrophy
inflammation that lasts 2 weeks or longer
chronic inflammation
Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction is also known as
cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
increased capillary permeability is caused by burns and/or _______
inflammation
Loss of function of the ____ gene leads to increase mutation rates
caretaker
Prolonged vomiting, gastric suctioning, excessive bicarb intake, diuretic therapy, and hyperaldosteronism with hypokalemia can lead to which acid-base balance ?
Metabolic alkalosis
genetic diseases caused by intermarriage is termed
consanguinity
inherited alteration of genetic material
mutation
to view family relationships and see which members are affected by genetic diseases
pedigree chart
Respiratory depression, disorders of the chest wall, disorders of the lung parenchyma (COPD, PE,) can lead to which acid-base imbalance ?
Respiratory Acidosis
synthesizes proteins
ribosomes
produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a microorganism or stimulation or by other products of inflammation
interleukins
elastic tissue of blood vessels
connective
____ is regulated by thirst perception
ADH
cellular receptors of the eukaryotic cell are _____ molecules located on the plasma membrane in cytoplasm or nucleus
protein
a molecule with unpaired electrons that attach to whatever is close by like double-sided tape is known as a _______
free radical
Type 3 reaction is also known as
immune-complex-mediated hypersensitivity
a misdirected response against the host’s own cells
autoimmunity
removal of a portion of liver and then regeneration occurs is known as ______ hyperplasia
compensatory
does not express a disease until a certain age is reached
age-dependent penetrance
Bicarb concentration is increased from excessive loss of metabolic acids in which acid-base imbalance ?
Metabolic Alkalosis
thread-like structure of DNA that carries genes
chromosomes
the location occupied by a gene on a chromosome
locus
bacteria infection will show increase in neutrophils and ____ of a CBC
bands
suffix -oma
benign tumor
plasma membrane is held together by 3 means :
extracellular matrix
adhesion cells
cell junctions
immunity that is acquired
adaptive
this form of transport does not require energy
passive
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete _____ and retain Na and H2O. This increases ECF, therefore increasing blood pressure.
potassium
If calcium levels increase then phosphate levels would _____
decrease
neutrophil chemotactic factor
attracts neutrophils
3 examples of a prokaryotic cell
bacteria
cyanobacteria
Rickettsiae
individual who has the gene for a disease but does not express the disease
incomplete penetrance
antibodies produced after a natural exposure to an antigen and is long lived
active immunity
when genes are different
heterozygous
2 alleles that are NOT identical
heterozygous
mutation in dystrophin gene that causes progressive muscle fiber degeneration
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
_____ tissue is the framework of epithelial tissue that binds and supports
connective tissue
during type-1 : IgE-mediated reaction, bronchial constriction, edema, and vasodilation manifests from
H1
_____ tissue is located in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth areas
muscle
injecting the cancer patient with antibodies or lymphocytes directed against the tumor-associated antigens is a form of _____ immunotherapy
passive
reversible replacement of a mature cell by another is known as
metaplasia
What acid-base imbalance has a decrease in HCO3 or increase in noncarbonic acid ?
Metabolic Acidosis
this solution is equal to 0.9%
isotonic
antibodies are transferred from a donor to a recipient and is temporary/short-lived
passive immunity
deficiency in blood clotting on X chromosome
hemophilia
connective tissue is loose and ____
dense
increase _____ is associated with improved cancer survival with early stage breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers
physical activity
chemical modifications of DNA sequences that alter the expression of genes
epigenetics
Stage ___ of cancer is locally invasive
2
most internal and external surfaces are lined with this tissue
epithelial
hydrostatic pressure where solutes move because of force from one side of a membrane to another
filtration
eukaryote cells nucleus has a ______ head, making it water soluble
hyrophilic
during what stage of wound healing does scarring occur
stage 4 - scarring
IRRS
interleukin (IL)-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and has what action
causes fever
site where oxygen utilizations and nerve cell myelination take place
peroxisome
cell division and control of genetic information
nucleus
the degree to which an antigen can stimulate an immune response is based upon degree of ____ (why some vaccines work on similar stains of viruses)
forgiveness
to form tissues, cells must exhibit intercellular regeneration and communication, adhesion & _______
memory
fills the space between the nucleus
cytoplasm
where ATP is generated
mitochondria
during this reaction, complexes are formed in the circulation, and deposited later in vessel walls or extravascular tissues
Type 3 : immune-complex-mediated reaction
bones and muscles of the cell, maintaining shape and movement
cytoskeleton
digests macromolecules
lysosomes
impaired or delayed inflammation is likely a result of chronic illness in this population
geriatrics
dominant immunoglobin in secretory immune response
IgA
when the effects of alleles are observable
dominant traits
this receptor is present in smooth muscle cells of the bronchi and induces bronchoconstriction
H1 receptor
defense against parasites
eosinophils
What acid-base imbalances cause elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression ?
Respiratory Acidosis
Hypomagnesemia is most often from
malabsorption
energy releasing process of metabolism
catabolism
majority of cervical, anal, and penile cancers
HPV
first messenger conveys instructions to the cells
interior
transports waste, metabolic processes, motility and storage
cytoplasm
administered after surgical excision to eliminate micrometastases
adjuvant chemotherapy
ADH is released when there is an increase in plasma osmolarity or _____ in circulating blood volume.
decrease
degranulation means
to release the granules
sperm and egg cells
gamete
Noncarbonic acids incrase or bicarbonate is lost from ECF in which acid-base imbalance ?
Metabolic Acidosis
active transport where substance is engulfed and enter the cell to be destroyed
phagocytosis
epithelial tissue has four functions :
PASE
protection
absorption
secretion
excretion
second hand smoke increases risk for ___ cancer
lung
this type of immunity provides long-term protection
adaptive immunity
in this condition there is only 1 sex chromosome instead of 2
Turner syndrome
____ can occur from transplant rejection and transfusion reactions
alloimmunity
destruction of the tissues is usually caused by direct killing by toxins from cytotoxic T (Tc) cells
cell-mediated reaction:Type 4
4 examples of a eukaryotic cell
higher animals
plants
fungi
protozoa
absence of ovaries, short stature, webbing of nect, widely spread spaced nipples, high number of aborted fetuses, X chromosome usually inherited from the mother
Turner syndrome
individuals immune system reacting against antigens on the tissues of another human or species
alloimmunity
senses cellular stress, important for diagnosing and treatment
endoplasmic reticulum
characterized by lack of distinct nucleus
prokaryotic cells
Stage ___ cancer has spread to distant sites
4
What acid-base imbalance causes a decrease in pCO2 as a result of hyperventilation?
Respiratory Alkalosis
protects against infection by directly neutralization
antibody
Decreased neuromuscular weakness, kidney stones, constipation, and heart block are related to which electrolyte imbalance?
hypercalcemia
4 Types of nitrogenous bases that makes DNA ?
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids
endoplasmic reticulum
what is the order of the RAAS system ?
Angiotensinogen ->
renin ->
angiotensin-1 ->
angio-converting enzyme (ACE) ->
angiotensin-2 ->
aldosterone
brain-expressed genes whose products interact with glutamate receptors
schizophrenia
temporary and rapid constriction of the large blood vessels and dilation of the post-capillary venules
histamine
returning the injured tissue to the original structure and function
resolution
part of the plasma membrane where chemical communication takes place
cell junctions
symptoms of disease not seen until 40+
age-dependent penetrance
rough endoplasmic reticulum when dealing with
proteins
the 4 stages of wound healing in order
Inflammation
Reconstruction
Remodeling
Scarring
IRRS
tis population has transiently depressed inflammatory and immune function
neonates
if this antibody is high, the infection is already gone
IgG
thin tough epithelial cells that surround muscle, fat, and schwann cells
basement membrane
associated with acute leukemias, increased frequency of thyroid and breast carcinomas
ionizing radiation
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain Na & H2O. This increases ECF therefore ______ blood pressure.
increases
abnormal chromosomal deletion
Cri du chat
promotes cell growth
proto-oncogenes
to form tissues, cells must exhibit intercellular ____ and communication adhesion and memory
communication
when only one copy of the gene in an individual is expressed
imprinting
genes that turn cells off
tumor supressor gene
type of immunity that has memory
adaptive immunity
allows lipids (required to transport hormones) to leave and transport hormones
plasma membrane
this cell is a guide development of T-cells (helper cells)
dendritic cells
IgE - mediated reaction
Type 1
humans have ____ pairs of chromosomes and 22 of these pairs are autosomes
23
these cells are predominate in early inflammatory responses
neutrophiles
hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out while oncotic pressure draws fluid
in
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure caused by ____ obstruction
venuos
Increase neuromuscular excitability, muscle spasms, chvostek and trousseau signs, convulsions and tetany are symptoms of what electrolyte imbalance ?
HYPOcalcemia and HYPERphosphatemia
the composition of genes at a given locus
genotype
solutes moving from an area of greater concentration to area of lower
diffusion
This hormone signals the body to quit expelling water and increase the reabsorption of water.
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
ADH is released when there is an _____ in plasma osmolarity or decrease in circulating blood volume.
Increase
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium are examples of
second messengers
Treatment of hyperkalemia consist of calcium gluconate, ______, buffered solutions, and dialysis.
insulin and/or glucose
first antibody produced during initial response to an antigen
IgM
diets high in red meats and processed foods increase risk of ____ cancer
colorectal
this phase of wound healing begins several weeks after injury and may last for 2 years
Stage 3 - remodeling
IRRS
High phosphate levels is related to
low calcium levels
eukaryote cell nucleus has hydrophobic body making it ____ soluble
fat
this receptor is anti-inflammatory
H2
____ induce an excessive production of cytokines
superantigens
caused by exogenous and endogenous IL-1 pyrogens and acts directly on the hypothalamus
fever
basic unit of inheritance that contains sequences of DNA
gene
55% cell volume, used for storage, and to metabolize enzymes
cytsol
tissue injury that occurs from hypoxia and decreased blood flow
ischemia
your own immune system does not recognize your own antigens
autoimmunity
part of plasma membrane that holds cells together and has chemical that communicate
cell junctions
3 components of a eukaryotic cell are
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, intracellular organelles
cells that secrete local mediators to absorb, destroy or immobilize ?
paracrine
decreased plasma oncotic pressure results from loss or diminished production of _____
albumin
molecular damage to the DNA, causing irreversible damage to normal cells can be caused by
ionizing radiation
the most important cellular activator of the inflammatory response and releases biochemical mediators
mast cells
swelling of tissue, new growth (neoplasm)
tumor
If calcium levels ____, then phosphate levels would decrease
increase
this type of reaction is not organ specific
Type 3: immune-complex-mediated reaction
recurrent, severe infections, often with opportunistic organisms are hallmark to ____ in immunity
deficiencies
these cells ingest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
neutrophiles
most inherited diseases are carried on the larger ___ chromosome
X
alternative version of a specific gene that arise by mutation and found on same place on chromosome
allele
______ transport requires energy
active
this receptor is pro-inflammatory
H1 receptor
the position a gene occupies along the chromosome is known as
locus
this receptor is present on parietal cells of the stomach mucosa and induces the secretion of gastric acid
H2
molecules that can react with antibodies or receptors on B and T cells
antigens
characteristic cry of child, like cat
cri du chat
malignant tumors of glandular or squamous origin
preinvasive epithelial
HTN causing the increase in size of the heart is an example of ______ hypertrophy
pathologic
Headache, lethargy, and Kussmaul respirations are symptoms of which acid-base imbalance?
Metabolic Acidosis
well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotic cell
blood vessel dilation, increased vascular permeability and leakage is associated with which line of defense ?
second line: inflammation
High altitudes, anxiety, panic, and hyperventilation can cause which acid-base imbalance ?
Respiratory Alkalosis
Treatment of hyperkalemia consist of calcium gluconate, insulin/glucose, ____, & dialysis.
buffered solutions
the turn on gene, independent of normal mechanisms and the cell driven into regulated uncontrolled cell growth
oncogenes
the concentration causes water gain, solute loss resulting in cell swelling
hypotonic
tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) develops the capacity to block t-cells and _____ function
natural killer cell
important cellular initiators of inflammation and help wound healing
macrophages
substances that cause mutation are called
mutagens
____ is associated with endometrial, colorectal, kidney, esophageal, post-menopausal breast, and pancreatic cancer
Obesity
when K+ moves out of the cell and Na is in the cell, this is known as
repolarization
this reaction type has H1 & H2 receptors
Type-1 IgE-mediated
when genes are identical
homozygous
known as the fuel of the cell
ATP
more common than primary deficiencies and not related to genetics but to other conditions and diseases
secondary (acquired) immune deficiencies
water and uncharged molecules moving through pores is a form of _____ transport
passive
antibodies in alloimmunity are usually of what class
IgM
H. Pyloris is associated with ____ cancer
stomach
Angiotensin causes arterioles to
constrict
to form tissues, cells must exhibit intercellular regeneration and _________ adhesion and memory
regeneration
a combination of smoking and ____ consumption increases a person risk of malignant tumors
alcohol
connective tissue is _____ and dense
loose
kiwi fruits, cooked carrots, or supplemental coenzyme q10 improves ___ repair
DNA
when both parents are carriers of a gene mutation and the trait usually appears in the child and not the parent
autosomal recessive inheritance
____ brings in macrophages that cause swelling and cellular injury
Infection
Aldosterone is released by the
adrenal cortex
an exaggerated response against an environmental antigen
allergy
moves proteins in and out of the cell
Golgi apparatus
allergies, worms, wheezes, and weird diseases would cause _____ to increase
eosinophils
cardinal signs of redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
inflammation
male appearance, female-like breast, small testes, sparse body hair, 1 in 1000 male births
Klinefelter syndrome
example of variable expressivity in an autosomal dominant disease
Type 1 neurofibromatosis
active transport where substance is expelled from the cell
exocytosis
this cell helps migrate to lymphoid tissue and interact with T lymphocytes to cause acquired immune response
dendritic cells
makes signals for recognizing
ribosomes
What buffering plasma systems operates in the lung and kidney to maintain normal blood pH ?
Carbonic acid - bicarb buffering
during this stage of wound healing, neutrophils and macrophages clean the wound and debride it
stage 1 - inflammation
IRRS
Increase of capillary permeability from burns or inflammation cause a loss of ____ proteins into the interstitial space
plasma
when cells attack neighboring cells that are seen as a threat is known as as immune ____
reaction
groups of bound cells that create tissue and organs
plasma membrane
venous obstructions, increase in salt and water retention, and heart failure can cause edema by increase in capillary _____ pressure.
hydrostatic
one of several different forms of a gene at a location
allele
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain Na and ____. This increases ECF therefore increasing blood pressure.
Water/H20
deletion of approximately 4 million base pairs of the long arm of chromosome 15 and inherited from the father
Prader-Willi syndrome
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain ___ and H20. This increases ECF, therefore, increasing blood pressure.
Sodium/Na
the gene leptin and its receptors are related to which disease
obesity
key cells that promote tumor survival
tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)
How is the anion gap used in different metabolic acidosis
Used to determine the type of metabolic acidosis with normal gap. From bicarb loss like diarrhea. If anion gap high - ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, CKD
to form tissues, cells must exhibit ______ regeneration and communication, adhesion and memory
intercellular
energy releasing or energy that goes downward
catabolism
what structures of epithelial tissues move things around
cilia and microvilli (GI)
total lack of T-cell function with severe lack of B-cell function, considered the most severe immunodeficiency
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
intrauterine growth restrictions, poor growth after birth, large head, triangle-shaped feet, and feeding difficulties
Russell-sliver syndrome
herpes virus type 8 is associated with ____ sarcoma
Kaposi
during cellular metabolism, molecules such as carbs, lipids, and proteins are catabolized then the energy is transferred to
ATP
stage ____ cancer is confined to its organ of origin
1
produces amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimers disease
eukaryote cells nucleus has a hydrophilic head, making it ____ soluble
water
genetic disease where characteristics are observed in siblings, not parents
autosomal recessive
this cytokine protects (does not kill) against viral infections by preventing viruses from infecting additional healthy cells
interferon
______ triggers the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
Angiotensin-2
what is cellular formation called where cells are assembled into tissue and organs of different shapes and sizes
morphogenesis
this system forms a mesh to stop bleeding and prevents the spread of infection
clotting system
_____ of genes resulting in loss or inactivity of gene products that would normally inhibit growth (tumor-suppressor genes) is a mechanism of human carcinogenesis
mutation
occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which energy produced from carbs, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
when ATP is used in energy requiring reactions it also converts into
ADP
Fluid movement into the tissue is known as
edema
the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who also express the expected phenotype
penetrance
cells are screwed up from the start
genetics
a change in the environment where cells work causing injury is caused by _____ agents
chemical
passive transport includes 3 things :
diffusion, filtration, and osmosis
when the effects of alleles are hidden
recessive traits
Extracellular first messengers do 4 things :
transfer, amplify, distribute, and modulate
during anaphylaxis, ____ chemotactic factor attracts eosinophils
eosinophil
descendants of a person
progeny
genes that turn cells on
oncogenes
type of epigenetic modification that changes signaling of pathways
microribonucleic acids
occurs when maternal antibodies are severed at birth before neonates production of IgG is beginning to rise
predominantly antibody deficiencies
helps determine the fate of each cell, that is the type of cell it becomes, such as a neuron or fibroblast
embryonic stem cells
another name for a malignant tumor
cancer
_____ develop into macrophages and are the precursors to macrophages
monocytes
Treatment of hyperkalemia consists of _____, insulin, and/or glucose, buffered solutions, and dialysis
Calcium gluconate
cell death from lack of blood flow is known as
infarction
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain Na and H2O. This _____ ECF therefore increasing blood pressure.
increases
autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia, high-fat diet, lack of exercise, smoking, obesity increase risk of ?
Coronary Artery Disease
ionizing radiation damages organs with high ____ cells like skin and GI systems
proliferative
this immunity is natural barriers and the inflammatory response
innate resistance
increases the risk of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophageal, liver, and colorectal, and breast cancers
alcohol
____ virus is associated with cancers of the nasopharynx and stomach, hodgkin disease and non-hodgkins lymphoma
epstein-barr
regulate innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells
chemokines or cytokines
when energy is released from the cell in the form of ATP
catabolism
decrease in plasma proteins and increase in plasma Na & H2O retention causes a decrease in capillary _____ pressure.
oncotic
rapid growth, not encapsulated, invasive, poorly differentiated (anaplasia), high mitotic index, can spread distantly describe what type of tumor ?
malignant
stem cells can create ____ for clotting
platelets
most predominant cancer
liver cancer
the proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time
prevalence rate
cells that produce signals that themselves respond to
autocrine
slow growth, well-defined capsule, non-invasive, well-differentiated, low-mitotic index, does not metastasize are examples of which type of tumor ?
benign
Increase in HCO3 usually from excessive loss of metabolic acids is known as what acid-base imbalance ?
Metabolic Alkalosis
abnormal size and shapes of cells is known as
dysplasia
encases the cell and has transport systems, with cell to cell recognition
plasma membrane
most common cause of genetic diseases
x-linked recessive modes of inheritance
Trisomy 21, cause of Down syndrome is linked to the development of ____
acute leukemia
during the reconstructive phase of wound healing impaired collagen matrix assembly can lead to
keloid scar
outward appearance of an individual which results from genotype and environment
phenotype
females have only one X chromosome
Turner syndrome
antibodies and antigens that destroy pathogens directly are which system in the plasma protein systems ?
complement system
autosomal dominant
rare
radiation and chemicals that increase the frequency of mutations
mutagens
Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) produces _____ that are advantageous for tumor growth and spread and also secretes angiogenesis factors
cytokines
diseases caused by imprinting
Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome
when ____ activated, they can produce super antigens that can result in excessive productions of cytokines, resulting in inflammatory reaction : fever, low BP, and potentially fatal shock
T-cell
primary dietary potential donors of DNA methylation include
folate, choline B, and B vitamins
The 2 basic processes in which proteins are specified by DNA, both involve RNA
transcription and translation
cancers arising from connective tissue, usually have the suffix
sarcoma
3 antigens that require processing and presentation.
B-lymphocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
this line of defense is rapidly initiated and has no memory cells
second line: inflammation
the destruction of microorganisms and cellular debris
phagocytosis
when the body’s immune system begins to recognize self-antigens as foreign
autoimmunity
Decrease renal perfusion, BP, ECF, serum Na, and increase in urine Na trigger the kidneys to release ____
renin
Headache, lethargy, and Kussmaul respirations are symptoms of which acid-base imbalance ?
Metabolic acidosis
energy metabolism or energy that goes upwards
anabolism
most common cancer is children 2-5
leukemia
increased risk of congenial heart disease, respiratory infections, Alzheimer’s and leukemia, is associated with what condition
Downs syndrome
when endocrine cells send signals to release hormones into the blood to trigger response from other cell this is a form of _____ signaling
hormonal
when GERD causes epithelial damage to the esophagus, a new cell can develop that may better tolerate the acid, this is known as ____ metaplasia
adaptive
dysplasia is also known as
atypical hyperplasia
where cellular respiration takes place and energy is produced
mitochondria
this concentration results in water loss, solute gain, and cell shrinkage
hypertonic
Hypomagnesemia is also associated with 2 other hypo-electrolytes, what are they ?
Hypocalcemia & hypokalemia
Inflammation predisposes a person to cancer by stimulating a wound-healing response that includes _____ and new blood vessel growth
proliferation
chemical agent causing mesothelioma and lung cancer
asbestos
acute inflammation functions ______ toxins, carry plasma proteins and leukocytes to the injury site, carry bacterial toxins and debris away from the site
dilute
____ cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in the US
skin
when cells attack neighboring cells that are seen as a threat is known as an ______ reaction
immune
to form tissues, cells must exhibit intercellular regeneration and communication, ______ & memory
adhesion
type of epigenetic modification that causes a gene to be inactive or silent
DNA methylation
primarily protects against viruses and cancers and differentiates T-cells
cellular immunity
reaction that develops in minutes after exposure
anaphylaxis
low nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, protruding tongue, flat low-set ears, short stature, poor muscle tone
Downs syndrome
H Pylori increases the risk of ____ cancer
stomach
most severe form of malnutrition
cachexia
when K+ and Na are out of the cell allowing for the cell to rebook, this is known as
refractory
