Joel's Module 1 Deck Flashcards
bacteria infection will show increase in _____ and bands of a CBC
neutrophils
individuals with at least one Y and 2 or more X chromosomes in each cell (XXY)
Klinefelter syndrome
cell that can become any type of cell needed for development
embryonic stem cells
this cell of inflammation is associated with allergies and asthma
basophils
this stage of wound healing begins 3-4 days after the injury and continues for 2 weeks, where cells from healthy tissue grow into the wound
Stage 2 - reconstruction
IRRS
example of autosomal recessive inheritance where the child is affected and not the parents
cystic fibrosis
Interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, CSF, lymphatic, synovial, sweat, urine are types of ____ fluid.
extracellular
hyperactivity of growth-related gene products
oncogenes
the body is made up of 4 levels of organization. what are they ?
cells, tissues, organs, systems
this system activates the inflammatory cells causing blood vessel dilation and vascular permeability
kinin
cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tissues close to blood vessels
mast cells
during chronic inflammation rest is needed for ______ formation to take place
granuloma
pregnancy causing the increase in size of the uterine is a form of what type of hypertrophy
physiologic
receptors that make availability for membranes like an egg carton a place for each cell
plasma membrane
DNA is made up of four nitrogenous bases and one pentose ____ and one phosphate group
sugar
below the threshold and individual appears normal; above the threshold the disease affects the person
threshold of liability
Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid ______ while oncotic pressure draws fluid in
out
a combination of ____ and alcohol consumption increases a persons risk of malignant tumors
smoking
during the resting state, where is K+ in relation to the cell ?
inside
what is it called when energy is used during metabolism
anabolism
occurs in the cytoplasm and there are 6 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule
gylcolysis
type 2 hypersensitivity reactions is also known as what phase ?
tissue-specific
an overgrowth condition accompanied by an increased predisposition to cancer
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome chromosome 11
number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period
incidence rate
the process by which a cell ingests and disposes of foreign material
phagocytosis
Lactic acidosis, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea, starvation can lead to what acid-base imbalance?
Metabolic Acidosis
thin, tough, flexible and lies beneath the epithelial cells
basement membrane
Utilizing the World Health Organization TNM staging system, what does M represent
extent of metastases
0 : none
1 : demonstrable
2 : suspected
tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) develops the capacity to block _____ and natural killer cell function
T-cell
Hypermagnesemia is most often from
renal failure
type of immunity that protects against bacteria and viruses, primarily through use of B-cells
humoral immunity
adipose tissue secretes ____ that can help cancer growth
adipokines
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure is caused by venous _____
obstruction
during Type-1:IgE-mediated reaction, an increase in gastric secretions, decrease in the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils manifests from which receptor ?
H2
an autosomal dominant that has been linked to chromosomes 13 & 17
breast cancer
gene expression happens in which type of cell formation
morphogenesis
2 identical alleles
homozygous
interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are all types of
inflammatory cytokines
Dizziness, confusion, parasthesias, convulsions, and coma can result from which acid-base imbalance ?
Respiratory Alkalosis
immunization with tumor antigens to illicit or enhance the immune response against a particular cancer is a form of ______ immunization
active
this dysfunction of wound healing, usually occurs 5-12 days after suture has too much pressure
dehiscence
utilizing the World Health Organization TNM staging system, what does T represent
primary tumor # and size of tumor
carcinoma in situ _____ malignant
is not
Like DNA, RNA has 4 nitrogenous bases, rather than thymine as one, RNA has
Uracil
Decreased neuromuscular excitability, muscle weakness and atony, cardiac dysrhythmias, U-waves on ECG are associated with which electrolyte imbalance ?
Hypokalemia
what interphase does DNA synthesis occur ?
S phase
this cancerous cell has not broken through the basement membrane or invaded stroma (supportive tissue or epithelial)
carcinoma in situ
a thymus shrinking in a child is a ______ form of atrophy
physiologic
active transport that takes cells from the outside
endocytosis
against environmental antigens (allergens)
Type 1 IgE-mediated reaction
most rare antibody common in allergic reactions
IgE
IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and does what
helps with healing
Noncarbonic acids increase or bicarbonate lost from ECF in which acid-base balance ?
Metabolic acidosis
cell shrinkage is referred to as
atrophy
cancers are usually fast growing and have metastasized before a diagnosis is made in this population
child
disease causing tumors to brain, spinal cord, and nerves
neurofibromatosis
Utilizing the World Health Organization TNM staging system, what does N represent ?
lymph node involvement. higher the number the more nodes involved
if 1st degree relative is affected by breast or colon cancer the rise of developing cancer _____
increase
itching, erythema, headaches, contract of respiratory bronchioles, laryngeal edema, vomiting, diarrhea, and vascular collapse are what type of reaction
anaphylaxis
an increase in _____ is associated with viral infections
lymphocytes
antibody more protective activity in body secretions
IgA
second messengers signal ______ ways
2
antibody that is most protective activity against infection
IgG
causes shrinkage or the disappearance of tumors
induction chemotherapy
type of epigenetic modification that increases or decreases bond between DNA and histones
histone modification
the extent of variation in phenotype associated with a particular genotype
expressivity
binds to mast cells; cross-linking causes the release of histamine from mast cell degranulation
Type-1 IgE-mediated reaction
cancers arising from epithelial tissue
carcinoma
surface proteins that bind cell to adjacent cells
adhesion cells
What hormone stops expelling of water and increases reabsorption ?
ADH
where enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation are housed
mitochondria
enzyme that uses oxygen to remove hydrogen
peroxisomes
Hypoxia, acidosis, insulin deficiency, cell trauma, and digitalis overdose can all lead to this electrolyte imbalance ?
hyperkalemia
the movement of Na and K+ is an example of ____ transport
active
the mediator has similar effects to histamine
leukotrienes
turns proteins into amino acids by endocytosis
lysosomes
antibody that inactivates or blocks the binding of an antigen to a receptor directly by _____
neutralization
hypogammaglobulinema or agammaglobulinemia where normal infants experience recurrent mild respiratory tract infections
predominantly antibody deficiencies
when females only have 1 X chromosome
Turner syndrome
When Na moves into the cell, this is known as
depolarization
in genetic imprinting (one gene expressed, the other suppressed), when the deletion is inherited from the father the child will manifest what syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
chronic inflammation of GI tract, ulcerative colitis for 10 years or more have a 30x increase of ____ cancer.
colon
symptom complexes are triggered by a cancer but are not caused by direct local effects of the tumor mass but from the biologic substances released by the tumor (e.g. hormones) or an immune response triggered by the tumor
paraneoplastic syndrome
Headaches, restlessness, blurred vision, apprehension, lethargy, muscle twitching, and coma are symptoms of which acid-base imbalance?
Respiratory Acidosis
inherited disease where neurons/nerve cells break down
Huntington disease
decrease in plasma proteins and increase in plasma Na & H2O retention causes a _____ in capillary oncotic pressure
decrease
DNA is made of how many types of nitrogenous bases ?
4
cancer cells secrete _____ which digest the extracellular matrix and basement membranes, creating pathways for the cells to move
protease
DNA provides the code for all body proteins. Proteins are composed of _____ and one or more polypeptides
amino acids
there are ___ types of hypersensitivity reactions
4
Treatment of hyperkalemia consist of calcium gluconate, insulin/glucose, buffered solutions, and _____.
Dialysis
presents an increased risk of developing Wilms tumor or hepatoblastoma
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome chromosome 11
____ is considered to be a human carcinogen
alcohol
secretory (mucosal) immune response major function is to ___ viral and bacterial invasion before local or systemic disease develops
halt
programmed cellular death is known as
apoptosis
calcium and phosphate are regulated by which 3 hormones
parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin
a trisomy of chromosome 21
Downs syndrome
causes basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma
ultraviolet radiation
how severe a disease is
expressivity
linked to cancer of lung, mouth, lips, nasals, sinuses, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, kidney, uterus, cervix, colon, rectum, liver, and acute leukemia
tobacco
nucleotide sequences
allele
cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, organs, binding, supporting, and storing are examples of which tissue ?
connective tissue
short stature, hypotonia, small hands & feet, obesity, mild to moderate intellectual disability, hypogonadism
Prader-Willi syndrome
water moving down a selective-permeable membrane
osmosis
eukaryote cells nucleus has _____ body, making it fat soluble
hydrophobic
related to unsuccessful acute inflammatory response
chronic inflammation
deletion of 4 million base pairs of the long arm of chromosome 15, inherited from the mother
Angelman syndrome
in this reaction, it is mediated by T-lymphocytes
Type 4:cell-mediated reaction
severe intellectual disability, seizures, and ataxic gait
Angelman syndrome
increased capillary permeability is caused by _____ and or inflammation
burns
____ increases insulin resistance-producing hyperinsulinemia. Insulin promotes growth factor 1
obesity
oncogenes are genes that direct _____ synthesis and cellular growth. Cells are over-expressed or mutated proto-oncogenes causing uncontrolled growth
protein
uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells
neoplasia
human t-cell lymphotropic virus is assocated with ____ and lymphoma
leukemia
____ have specific sites for binding to antibodies and lymphocytes
antigens
an increase in the number of cells related to the increase of cellular division is known as
hyperplasia
no generational skipping occurs in this autosomal inheritance
autosomal dominant inheritance
cancerous cells that are located in a contained area and have not spread to nearby tissue
carcinoma in situ
Tingling of lips and fingers, T-waves on ECG, muscle weakness are symptoms of which electrolyte imbalance ?
hyperkalemia
Stage ___ cancer has advanced to regional structures
3
Increase of capillary permeability from burns or inflammation cause a loss of plasma ____ into the interstitial space.
proteins
the process by which exogenous (outside cells) and endogenous (inside cells) antigens are linked with the appropriate molecules
antigen processing
venous obstructions, increase in salt and water retention, and heart failure can cause edema by ______ in capillary hydrostatic pressure
increase
this cell can divide without limits and each daughter cell can remain the same of differentiate
stem cell
Decreased transport of capillary protein leads to increased tissue ____ pressure causing edema
oncotic
this tissue has a cell body, no axon, and 1 or more dendrites
nervous
during this type of reaction specific cell or tissue is the target
Type 2 : tissue-specific reaction
if this antibody is high, there is an immediate infection, right now
IgM
directed against beneficial foreign tissues such as transfusions or transplants
alloimmunity
chemically like DNA but single stranded
RNA
smooth endoplasmic reticulum when dealing with
lipids
during human carcinogenesis, what is the mechanisms of activation
activation of proto-oncogenes, resulting in hyperactivity of growth-related gene products
when estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken this is referred to as ______ hyperplasia
hormonal
chromosomes develop breaks and gaps when the cells are cultured in a folate-deficient medium
fragile sites
in schizophrenia, brain-expressed genes whose products interact with _____ have been implicated ?
glutamate receptors
Weakness, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes are signs of which acid-base imbalance?
Metabolic Alkalosis
Angiotensinogen is associated with which organ?
liver
in genetic imprinting, when the deletion of a gene is inherited from the mother it causes what syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Lactic acidosis, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea, starvation (bulemia) can lead to what acid-base imbalance ?
Metabolic Acidosis
increase in cell size is known as
hypertrophy
inflammation that lasts 2 weeks or longer
chronic inflammation
Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction is also known as
cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
increased capillary permeability is caused by burns and/or _______
inflammation
Loss of function of the ____ gene leads to increase mutation rates
caretaker
Prolonged vomiting, gastric suctioning, excessive bicarb intake, diuretic therapy, and hyperaldosteronism with hypokalemia can lead to which acid-base balance ?
Metabolic alkalosis
genetic diseases caused by intermarriage is termed
consanguinity
inherited alteration of genetic material
mutation
to view family relationships and see which members are affected by genetic diseases
pedigree chart
Respiratory depression, disorders of the chest wall, disorders of the lung parenchyma (COPD, PE,) can lead to which acid-base imbalance ?
Respiratory Acidosis
synthesizes proteins
ribosomes
produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a microorganism or stimulation or by other products of inflammation
interleukins
elastic tissue of blood vessels
connective
____ is regulated by thirst perception
ADH
cellular receptors of the eukaryotic cell are _____ molecules located on the plasma membrane in cytoplasm or nucleus
protein
a molecule with unpaired electrons that attach to whatever is close by like double-sided tape is known as a _______
free radical
Type 3 reaction is also known as
immune-complex-mediated hypersensitivity
a misdirected response against the host’s own cells
autoimmunity
removal of a portion of liver and then regeneration occurs is known as ______ hyperplasia
compensatory
does not express a disease until a certain age is reached
age-dependent penetrance
Bicarb concentration is increased from excessive loss of metabolic acids in which acid-base imbalance ?
Metabolic Alkalosis
thread-like structure of DNA that carries genes
chromosomes
the location occupied by a gene on a chromosome
locus
bacteria infection will show increase in neutrophils and ____ of a CBC
bands
suffix -oma
benign tumor
plasma membrane is held together by 3 means :
extracellular matrix
adhesion cells
cell junctions
immunity that is acquired
adaptive
this form of transport does not require energy
passive
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete _____ and retain Na and H2O. This increases ECF, therefore increasing blood pressure.
potassium
If calcium levels increase then phosphate levels would _____
decrease
neutrophil chemotactic factor
attracts neutrophils
3 examples of a prokaryotic cell
bacteria
cyanobacteria
Rickettsiae
individual who has the gene for a disease but does not express the disease
incomplete penetrance
antibodies produced after a natural exposure to an antigen and is long lived
active immunity
when genes are different
heterozygous
2 alleles that are NOT identical
heterozygous
mutation in dystrophin gene that causes progressive muscle fiber degeneration
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
_____ tissue is the framework of epithelial tissue that binds and supports
connective tissue
during type-1 : IgE-mediated reaction, bronchial constriction, edema, and vasodilation manifests from
H1
_____ tissue is located in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth areas
muscle
