module challenge 4 Flashcards
muscle system
responds to stimuli and changes in environment
functions of muscle
movement, contraction, storage of excess glucose
muscle:
high proportion in protein
skeletal muscle
striated, fusion of many cells, voluntary movement
cardiac
striated, uni/binucleate, heart only
smooth
no striations, single celled, involuntary
myofibrils
bundles of proteins in a muscle cell
myofibrisl are composed of
thick and thin filaments
thick filament is
myosin
thin filament is
actin, troponin, tropomyosin
what gets shorter in contraction
I band and H zone gets shorter, not actin or myosin
smooth ER does what
stores calcium
what does calcium do in thick fil?
it binds to troponin and pulls it off tropomyosin
rigor mortis
stiffness after death, no more oxygen or ATP
ATP is required for
unbinding of actin and myosin
sonic muscles
muscles that contract at a high frequency
properties of sonic muscles
increase ATP, increase calcium, increase SR, faster release of myosin from actin, different troponin isoforms, sarcomeres shorten
direct flight
wings that are directly attached to muscles, synchronous flight
indirect flight
wings that are not directly attached to muscles, asynchronouse flight
contraction of dorsoventral medical muscles
wings go up
contraction of lateral muscles
wings go down
insects that use direct flight
incapable of folding flat over abdomen, dragonflies, butterflies, moths
synchonous flight
1 AP = 1 contraction, 50-200 hz, increase ATP, calcium, and SR so like sonic muscle
contraction of vertical muscles
wings go up
contraction of longitudinal muscles
wings go down
insects that use indirect
insects that can fold flat over abdomen
asynchornous flight
muscle is not synchronized with AP, one AP initiates multiple contractions, 1,000 hz, less ATP, fewer mito, less calcium and SR, higher density of actin and myosin
endocrine system
regulates organs through secretion of hormones
hormones
signaling molecules delivered by circulatory fluids
3 classes of hormones
peptide, amines, steroid
peptide
protein like, composed of AA, most common, hydrophilic
amines
based on tyrosine, some hydrophilic some lipophilic
steroid
derived from cholesterol, lipophilic
hydrophilic mechanism
bind to GPCR, elicit responses in target cell
lipophilic mechanism
pass through target cell memb, elecit respnse by binding to internal receptors
DNA –> RNA
transcription, in nuscleus
RNA –> Protein
translation, in cytoplasm
hypothalmus
control center of endocrine system
hypothalamus does what
regulates all other glands
steps for adrenaline functioning in liver
- adrenaline binds to GPCR
- alpha subunit on g protein is stimulated
- alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase
- adenylyl cylcase activates cAMP
- cAMP activates protein kinase
- protein kinase activates glycogen hydrolase
- glycogen gydrolase hydrolyzed bonds
- glycogen is broken down into individual glucose
9 glucose gets transported out of cell
steps for lipophilic function, testosterone
- hormone diffuses in plasma membrane
- hormone binds to HRC
- HRC enters nucleus and binds to HRE
- binding of HRC is transcription
- mRNA leaves nucleus
- mRNA used to build proteins via translation
