module 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
includes various subfields of biology including embryology, morphology, evolutionary biology, and systematics
physiology
combines biology, chemistry, physics, cell and molecular biology, genetics, and various sub disciplines of each field
properties of an animal
eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell wall, heterotrophic, respond to external stimuli, motile, use aerobic respiration, reproduce sexually, blastula stage, homeostasis is maintained
order of kingdom animalia
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
phylogeny
hypothesis depicting the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
organization of animal body
molecular, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
4 types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
epithelial
exchange of materials with environment outside cell
2 types of epithelial tissue
sheets and glands
connective tissue
connect, support, and anchor body parts
muscular tissue
contraction and force generation of organs
nervous tissue
communication, coordination, and control
epithelial tissue - sheets
exchange of materials with environment
epithelial tissue - glands
types: exocrine and endocrine
exocrine glands
secrete products through ducts to outside of the animal
examples are sweat, tears, saliva, milk etc
endocrine glands
secrete products into body
connective tissue
loose connective tissue, tendons, bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, blood
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
skeletal muscle tissue
voluntary movement
smooth muscle tissue
involuntary movement
cardiac muscle tissue
only in heart
nervous tissue
brain, ganglia, nerves
major body systems
endocrine, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, excretory, integumentary, nervous, reproductive
homeostasis
maintenance of a stable internal environment in response to an internal or external disturbance
how is homeostasis maintained by an animal body?
negative feedback and positive feedback
negative feedback
attempts to reverse direction of a stimulus
positive feedback
pushes the stimulus/variable even farther away from normal state
3 components of negative feedback system
sensor, integrator, effector
sensor
factor that detects variation in some variable, example is temp
integrator
structure or factor that processes info coming from sensor, compares info to set point
effector
effect or change the direction of the variable
regulated variable
sensed by sensor, range in variable, variable can be brought to set point
non regulated variable
no sensors exist, variable can be adjusted by some other mechanism, no set point
adjustments to negative feedback
reset system, antagonistic control, behavior, anticipation or feedforward systems, acclimitization, positive feedback system
reset system
adjustment to negative feedback. temporary change to set point
antagonistic control
two opposing effectors attempt to control the same variable
behavior
viewed as effector, corrects a disturbance
anticipation or feedforward systems
body predicts an oncoming disturbance before the disturbance arrives
acclimitization
temporary phenotypic change to enhance fitness or respond to environmental change
positive feedback system
initial disturbance is accentuated rather than reversed, farther from set point, temporary
