Module Assesment 5 Flashcards
Atherosclerosis is both an inflammatory and proliferative disease. Why?
Atherosclerosis is Inflammatory meaning it triggers an immune response which is low grade inflammation that is associated with macrophages. Proliferative nature is the increase in smooth muscle cell development. Both of these are in response to arterial wall injury, functional or physical.
Physical vs Functional injury
Physical injury cause direct damage to the arterial wall from HTN, LDL, DM, Obesity, or Homocysteine
Functional injury allow lipid materials to penetrate its surface
The inflammatory response triggers the immune response _____ that is associated with ______.The presence of low grade inflammation is found in the development of
low grade inflammation, macrophages;
plaque
Atherogenesis vs atherosclerosis
the creation of plaque in the arteries vs thickening of the arterial wall due to lipid accumulation
Physical injury
___—->____—>____—–>_____
Functional injury
____—>_____—>_____
platelet aggregation, prostaglandins, platelet growth factor, stimulation of smooth muscle cell formation
change in membrane permeability, increase in macrophages, increase in smooth muscle cells
Factors that can initiate atherosclerosis
physical or functional injuries that cause injury to endothelial wall
What stimulates macrophages
low-grade inflammation
first sign of atherosclerosis
foam cell formation (cannot be seen)
Macrophages only like
Oxidized LDL
eating this causes the formation of foam cells
five stages of legions
fatty streak, fibrous plaque, complicated legion, rupture (MI or angina) , occlusive (ischemia)
Describe atherogenesis
Elevated LDL invade the endothelium, macrophages begin to engulf oxidized LDL this leads to the formation of foam cells which causes oxidative stress and the release of inflammatory cytokines this leads to proliferation of smooth muscle cells and plaque formation. Increased plaque and smooth muscle means decreased artery diameter and eventually plaque rupture leading to ischemic or thrombotic consequences
CVD Values
Total cholesterol
LDL
HDL
Triglycerides
TC: less than 200 mg
LDL: less than 200 mg
HDL: more than or equal to 60 mg
TG: less than 150 mg
pro-inflammatory (elevated C-reactive protein) vs anti-inflammatory cytokines
omega-6 produced pro-inflammatory cytokines which increase inflammation
omega-3 produces anti-inflammatory cytokines which bring down inflammation
Functional foods incorporated with CVD + amounts
HAS BENEFITS BEYOND BASIC NUTRITION
Plant sterols/stanols (2-3g)
soluble fiber (25-35g)
soy
omega 3 (2-4 g)
alcohol
antioxidants
2 supplements to prevent CVD
FIBER AND OMEGA 3
