Module 9B - Post Ab Flashcards
Diaphragm is a _____ structure that forms ____ of abdominal cavity
Musculotendinous
Roof
Three openings of diaphragm and what they allow through
Caval foramen (most anterior, IVC) Esophageal hiatus (middle, esophagus) Aortic hiatus (most posterior, aorta)
Central tendon of diaphragm contains what?
Caval foramen
Muscular portion of diaphragm consists of which parts?
Sternal - attach to xiphoid process
Costal - arises from inferior 6 costal cartilage/ribs
Lumbar - arises from lateral & medial arcuate ligaments and upper lumbar vertebrae
Lateral arcuate ligament arches over:
Quadratus lumborum
Medial arcuate ligament arches over:
Psoas
Right crus of diaphragm
Forms esophageal hiatus
Contributes to aortic hiatus
Left crus of diaphragm
Contributes to aortic hiatus
Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall
Psoas major
Iliacus
Quadratus lumborum
Transverse abdominis
Psoas major attachments
TPs of lumbar vertebrae + lesser trochanter femur
Psoas major innervation
Anterior rami of lumbar nerves L1-L3
Psoas major actions
Flexes thigh, vertebral column, trunk
Balance trunk
Iliacus attachments
Iliac fossa/sacral ala + lesser trochanter femur
Iliacus innervation
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Iliacus actions
Flexes thigh
Stabilizes hip joint
Quadratus lumborum attachments
12th rib/TPs of lumbar vertebrae + iliac crest
Quadratus lumborum innervation
Anterior branches of T12 and L1-L4 nerves
Quadratus lumborum actions
Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column
Fixes 12th rib during inspiration
Transverse abdominis attachments
Iliac crest + xiphoid process/linea alba
Transverse abdominis innervation
T6-T12, L1
Transverse abdominis actions
Compresses abdominal contents
Nerves that are visible along posterior abdominal wall
Subcostal (T12) Lumbar plexus (L1-L4)
Lumbar plexus consists of:
Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Lateral femoral cutaneous Femoral Obturator Genitofemoral
Suprarenal (adrenal) glands description
Located superior to each kidney
Surrounded by fatty tissue
“Separated” from kidney via renal fascia
Internal features of suprarenal glands
Cortex
Medulla
Suprarenal cortex
Secretes cortisol, aldosterone, androgens
Suprarenal medulla
Neural tissue similar to cells of sympathetic NS Secretes catecholamines (epi, norepi)
Kidneys - general features
Located retroperitoneal
“In contact” with diaphragm and posterior wall muscles
R kidney is lower than L kidney
Right kidney
Upper pole located anterior to 12th rib
Located “posterior” to ascending colon and liver
1 finger width above iliac crest
Left kidney
Upper pole located anterior to 11th and 12th ribs
Located “posterior” to stomach, spleen, pancreas, jejunum, descending colon
T/F - Kidneys ascend with inspiration
FALSE - descend about 1 inch
Surrounding layers of kidneys (inner to outer)
Renal (true) capsule
Perirenal fat
Renal (false) fascia
Pararenal fat
Which layer anchors the kidney?
Pararenal fat - collagen fibers pass through to help anchor kidney
Renal hilum
Indention on medial side of kidney
Entrance for renal pelvis, artery, vein
Internal layers of the kidney (inner to outer)
Cortex (containing nephrons)
Medulla (renal pyramids)
Renal papilla
Apex of renal pyramids in the medulla
Kidney blood supply for filtration
Renal artery Segmental Interlobar Arcuate Radiate Afferent Glomerular capillaries Efferent Vasa recta
Bowman’s capsule
Contains glomerular capillaries
Blood is filtered here
Efferent arteries of kidneys
Waste products from these vessels are secreted into tubule for excretion
Vasa recta
Helps to remove excessive concentration of Na, K, other solutes
Collecting duct pathway of kidney
Nephrons > collecting tubules > renal papilla > minor calyces > major calyces > renal pelvis > ureter > bladder
Renal pelvis
Funnel shaped “duct” that is continuous with ureter
Nephron consists of:
Renal corpuscle - 1st site for filtering blood
*2 types (juxtomedullary and cortical)
Juxtomedullary renal corpuscle
Located near junction of cortex and medulla
Cortical renal corpuscle
Located in cortex
Proximal convoluted tubule
Passive reabsorption (osmotic gradient driven) 65% of H2O and Na that were filtered into Bowman's capsule
Henle’s loop function
Maintain a gradient of osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid of medulla
Descending limb of Henle’s loop is permeable to ____ but NOT _____
H2O (reabsorbed)
Na (and other solutes)
*Fluid becomes more and more concentrated as it descends
Ascending limb of Henle’s loop is permeable to ____ but NOT _____
Na (and other solutes)
H2O
*Fluid becomes less and less concentrated as it ascends
Distal convoluted tubule
Reabsorption of Na and H2O occurs here
First 2/3 of distal convoluted tubule:
Na is reabsorbed
H2O is NOT permeable in this section so it is NOT reabsorbed
*Urine becomes very diluted
Distal 1/3 of distal convoluted tubule:
H2O is reabsorbed ONLY if ADH is present
(ADH makes this section and collecting tubule permeable to H2O)
*Urine becomes concentrated again
T/F: Secretion of waste products for excretion in the urine may occur in the distal convoluted tubule
True
Collecting tubule of kidney
Multiple nephrons will empty into collecting tubule
Collecting tubule descends to the ____ and drains into ____
Renal papilla
Minor calyces
Ureters description
Smooth muscle tube
Descend anterior along psoas and anterior to internal iliac arteries
Ureter regions of constriction
- Junction of renal pelvis and ureter
- As ureter passes over pelvic brim
- As ureter enters bladder
What is the significance of ureter regions of constriction?
Potential for kidney stone to be lodged
