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Anatomy - Modules 8-10 > Module 10 - Pelvis > Flashcards

Module 10 - Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

Bony pelvis (pelvic girdle) description

A

“Ring of bone” formed by R/L hip bones, sacrum, coccyx

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2
Q

Function of pelvic girdle

A

Supports abdomen

Provides dynamic link between vertebral column and lower limbs

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3
Q

Iliopectineal line (pelvic brim)

A

Divides the pelvis into pelvic major (false) and pelvic minor (true)

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4
Q

Hip bones

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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5
Q

Landmarks of Ilium

A 
Body, iliac crest, iliac tubercle
ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, PIIS
Auricular surface
Arcuate line
Iliopectineal line
Greater sciatic notch
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6
Q

Landmarks of Ischium

A 
Body
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
Ramus
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7
Q

Landmarks of Pubis

A 
Superior and inferior pubic rami
Pubic symphysis, crest, tubercle
Pectin pubis (pectineal line)
Iliopectineal line
Obturator canal
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8
Q

Landmarks of Sacrum

A 
Base (superior portion)
Apex (inferior portion)
Median and lateral sacral crests
Ala
Promontory
Sacral cornu, hiatus
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9
Q

Pelvis apertures

A

Superior (pelvic inlet/brim) - sacrum, ilium, pubis

Inferior (pelvic outlet) - diamond shaped

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10
Q

Superior pelvic aperture (inlet) - posterior, lateral, anterior boundaries

A

Posterior: promontory and anterior border of ala of sacrum (sacrum)
Lateral: ilipectineal line (illium)
Anterior: pubic symphysis, pectin pubis, pubic crest (pubic)

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11
Q

Pelvis major

A

“False” pelvis

Region above iliopectineal line

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12
Q

Pelvis minor

A

“True” pelvis

Region below iliopectineal line

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13
Q

Inferior pelvic aperture (outlet) - posterior, lateral, anterior boundaries

A

Posterior: sacrum and coccyx
Lateral: ischial tuberosities, sacrotuberous ligaments
Anterior: pubic symphysis, arcuate ligament, rami of pubis and ischium
*Pelvic “floor”

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14
Q

Pelvis major contains:

A

Ileum of small intestine

Sigmoid colon

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15
Q

Pelvis major boundaries

A

Abdominal wall, iliac fossae, L5/S1

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16
Q

Pelvis minor contains:

A

Urinary and reproductive organs

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17
Q

Pelvis minor boundaries

A

Pelvic surfaces of hip bones, sacrum and coccyx

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18
Q

Acetabulum is formed by:

A

Junction of 3 hip bones (ischium, ilium, pubis)

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19
Q

Acetabulum features

A

Acetabular notch, lunate, margin

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20
Q

T/F: Acetabulum is round in females

A

FALSE, it is round in males

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21
Q

Obturator foramen is formed by:

A

Rami of pubis and ischium

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22
Q

What passes through obturator foramen?

A

Obturator nerve, blood vessels

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23
Q

Joints of the pelvis:

A

Sacroiliac

Pubic symphysis

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24
Q

Sacroiliac joint type

A

Synovial, irregular plane with “ear shaped” auricular surfaces

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25
Q

Sacroiliac joint ligaments

A

Posterior, interosseous, anterior SI ligaments

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26
Q

Movements at the sacroiliac joint

A

Slight gliding and rotation

*Research agrees that there is movement, but disagrees on magnitude/direction

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27
Q

Pubic symphysis joint type

A

Fibrocartilaginous

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28
Q

T/F: Interpubic disc of pubic symphysis is thicker in males

A

FALSE, it is thicker in females

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29
Q

Ligaments of the pubic symphysis

A

Superior pubic - connects superior pubic bodies, R/L tubercles
Inferior pubic - arcuate ligament

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30
Q

Vertebropelvic ligaments

A

Iliolumbar
Sacrotuberous
Sacrospinous
Ligaments of sacroiliac joint

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31
Q

Iliolumbar ligament

A

L4/5 to iliac crest

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32
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament

A

Lateral sacrum/coccyx/PIIS to ischial tuberosity

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33
Q

Sacrospinous ligament

A

Caudal border of sacrum to ischial spine

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34
Q

Ligaments of sacroiliac joint

A

Posterior and interosseous = very strong

Anterior = thin

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35
Q

Anterior pelvic wall

A

Bodies and rami of pubic bones, obturator internus muscle/fascia, pubic symphysis

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36
Q

Lateral pelvic wall

A

Obturator internus muscle, obturator nerves and vessels, branches of internal iliac vessels

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37
Q

Obturator internus attachments

A

Ilium/ischium + greater trochanter femur

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38
Q

Obturator internus innervation

A

Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)

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39
Q

Obturator internus actions

A

External rotation of femur

Stabilize head of femur

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40
Q

Piriformis attachments

A

Sacrum/greater sciatic notch + greater trochanter femur

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41
Q

Piriformis innervation

A

Ventral rami of S1-S2

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42
Q

Piriformis actions

A

External rotation, abduction of femur

Stabilize head of femur

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43
Q

Posterior pelvic wall

A

Sacrum and adjacent parts of ilium
Sacroiliac joints and their ligaments
Piriformis muscle
Sacral plexus and internal iliac vessels

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44
Q

Piriformis syndrome

A

Myofascial trigger points

Potential for entrapment of sciatic nerve

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45
Q

Pelvic diaphragm consists of:

A

Levator ani and coccygeus muscles

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46
Q

Levator ani function

A

Supports pelvic viscera

Resists intra-abdominal pressure

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47
Q

Levator ani parts

A

Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus

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48
Q

Puborectalis

A

U-shaped, lasso around anorectal junction

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49
Q

Pubococcygeus

A

Main part of levator ani

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50
Q

Levator ani attachments

A

Body of pubis/obturator membrane/ischial spine + coccyx/walls of prostate or vagina/rectum/anal canal

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51
Q

Levator ani actions

A
  • Raise pelvic floor (assisting in compression of abdominal/pelvic contents)
  • Voluntary control of urination, fecal incontinence
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52
Q

Pelvic floor consists of:

A

Levator ani

Ischiococcygeus (small portion of pelvic floor)

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53
Q

Ischiococcygeus attachments

A

Ischial spine to coccyx and lower sacrum

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54
Q

Ischiococcygeus actions

A

Assists levator ani in supporting pelvic viscera, flex coccyx

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55
Q

Blood vessels of pelvis

A 
Common iliac
External iliac
Internal iliac
Superior rectal
Median sacral
Gonadal
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56
Q

Common iliac artery bifurcates at:

A

L4

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57
Q

External iliac artery passes through ______ only

A

False pelvis

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58
Q

External iliac artery runs along _____

A

Medial border of psoas

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59
Q

Branches of external iliac artery:

A

Inferior epigastric

Deep circumflex

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60
Q

External iliac artery exits _____ deep to _____ and becomes ______

A

False pelvis
Inguinal ligament
Femoral artery

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61
Q

Internal iliac artery descends in pelvis to ______ where it divides into _____

A

Greater sciatic foramen

Anterior and posterior divisions

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62
Q

Posterior division of internal iliac artery and what they supply

A
  • Superior gluteal: piriformis, 3 glutes, TFL
  • Iliolumbar: psoas, iliacus, quadratus lumborum
  • Lateral sacral: piriformis, sacral canal, erector spinae
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63
Q

Anterior division (visceral branches) of internal iliac artery and what they supply

A
  • Umbilical: superior bladder
  • Superior vesical: superior bladder, pelvic part of ureter
  • Inferior vesical (male): inferior bladder, ductus deferens, prostate
  • Vaginal: inferior bladder, vagina
  • Uterine: uterus, ligament of uterus, vagina
  • Middle rectal: seminal vesicles, lower rectum
  • Internal pudendal: perineum
  • Obturator: pelvic muscles, femur head, medial thigh muscles
  • Inferior gluteal: pelvic diaphragm, piriformis, quadratus femoris, upper hamstrings, glut max, sciatic nerve
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64
Q

Superior rectal artery supplies:

A

Upper portion of rectum

*Branch of inferior mesenteric artery

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65
Q

Median sacral artery supplies:

A

Lower lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

*Branch of abdominal aorta

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66
Q

Gonadal arteries

A

Ovarian (female)
Testicular (male)
*Branches of abdominal aorta

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67
Q

Nerves of the pelvic region

A

Lumbar plexus

Sacral plexus

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68
Q

Lumbar plexus is formed by:

A

Ventral primary rami of L1-L4

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69
Q

Roots of the lumbar plexus split into _____ within the _____ muscle

A

Anterior and posterior divisions

Psoas

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70
Q

Terminal branches of the lumbar plexus

A 
Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal
Lateral femoral cutaneous
Femoral
Obturator
Genitofemoral
Branch to lumbosacral trunk
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71
Q

Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves

A
  • L1
  • Pass inferolateral and anterior to quadratus lumborum
  • Supply skin to suprapubic and inguinal regions
  • Motor supply to abdominals
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72
Q

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

A
  • L2, L3

- Cutaneous supply to anterior and lateral thigh

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73
Q

Femoral nerve

A
  • L2 thru L4
  • Posterior divisions
  • Supply hip flexors and extensors of knee
  • Lateral to BV as it enters thigh deep to inguinal ligament
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74
Q

Obturator nerve

A
  • L2 thru L4
  • Anterior divisions
  • Supply adductors of thigh
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75
Q

Genitofemoral nerve

A
  • L1, L2
  • Pierces anterior surface of psoas
  • Divides into genital and femoral branches (cutaneous anterior thigh)
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76
Q

Branch to lumbosacral trunk

A
  • L4

- Contributes to formation of sacral plexus

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77
Q

Sacral plexus is formed by:

A

Lumbosacral trunk (L4, L5) and ventral primary rami of S1-S4

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78
Q

Sacral plexus runs ______ into _____ region through the ______

A

Inferolaterally
Gluteal
Greater sciatic foramen

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79
Q

Sacral plexus supplies:

A
  • Musculature and skin of buttocks
  • Posterior compartment of thigh
  • Entire leg and foot below the knee
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80
Q

Anterior division branches of sacral plexus

A

Nerve to quadratus femoris
Nerve to obturator internus
Pudendal
Nerves to levator ani and coccygeus

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81
Q

Posterior division branches of sacral plexus

A

Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Perforating cutaneous nerve
Nerve to piriformis

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82
Q

Sacral plexus branches from both anterior and posterior divisions

A

Sciatic nerve

Posterior femoral cutaneous

83
Q

Superior gluteal nerve

A
  • L4, L5, S1
  • Passes out of greater sciatic foramen superior to piriformis
  • Supplies glut minimus, glut medius, TFL
84
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve

A
  • L5, S1, S2
  • Passes inferior to piriformis
  • Supplies glut max
85
Q

Perforating cutaneous nerve

A
  • S2, S3

- Skin of medial buttock

86
Q

Nerve to piriformis

A
  • S1, S2

- Supplies piriformis

87
Q

Nerve to quadratus femoris

A
  • L4, L5, S1

- Supplies quadratus femoris AND inferior gemellus

88
Q

Nerve to obturator internus

A
  • L5, S1, S2

- Supplies obturator internus AND superior gemellus

89
Q

Pudendal nerve

A
  • S2 thru S4

- Major nerve of perineum (supplies muscles and skin)

90
Q

Nerves to levator ani and coccygeus

A
  • S3, S4

- Supplies levator ani and coccygeus

91
Q

Sciatic nerve

A
  • L4, S3

- Splits into common fibular and tibial nerves

92
Q

Common fibular nerve

A
  • L4 thru S2
  • Branch of sciatic
  • Posterior divisions
93
Q

Tibial nerve

A
  • L4 thru S3
  • Branch of sciatic
  • Anterior divisions
94
Q

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

A
  • S1 thru S3

- Buttock, upper posterior and medial thigh

95
Q

Function of urinary bladder

A

Temporary storage of urine

96
Q

Location of urinary bladder

A 
True pelvis (below brim)
*Will extend above brim when full
97
Q

Anterior surface of urinary bladder

A

Located posterior to pubic symphysis

98
Q

Superior surface of urinary bladder

A

Males: located inferior to peritoneum of abdom cavity
Females: located inferior to uterus and vesicouterine pouch

99
Q

Vesicouterine pouch

A

Females

Peritoneal space between bladder and uterus

100
Q

Posterior surface of urinary bladder

A

Males: located anterior to rectovesical pouch, rectum, seminal vesicles, ampulla of ductus deferens
Females: located anterior to vagina

101
Q

Rectovesical pouch

A

Males

Peritoneal space between bladder and rectum

102
Q

Landmarks of urinary bladder

A

Apex (anterior portion)
Fundus (posterior portion)
Neck (inferior portion leading to urethra)
Trigone (posterior wall)

103
Q

In males, the _____ is located inferior to neck of urinary bladder

A

Prostate gland

104
Q

In females, the _____ is located inferior to neck of urinary bladder

A

Urogenital diaphragm

105
Q

Trigone of bladder

A
  • “Triangle” formed by 2 openings of ureters and opening or urethra
  • Specialized smooth muscle of bladder wall
106
Q

Muscles of bladder

A

Detrusor
Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter

107
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

Smooth muscle that lines walls of bladder

108
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

Smooth muscle that forms a sphincter at junction of bladder and urethra

109
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

SKELETAL muscle that forms a sphincter around urethra as it passes through urogenital diaphragm

110
Q

Micturation

A

Reflex action that can be controlled voluntarily via higher CNS influence

111
Q

At “rest” when bladder is not full:

A
  • Sympathetic nerves cause internal urethral sphincter to contract
  • Detrusor wall is relaxed
  • External urethral sphincter is contracted
112
Q

At _____ mL, you begin to be slightly aware of bladder

A

150

113
Q

At more than ____ mL, increased stimulus of stretch receptors in bladder wall

A

300-400

114
Q

At _____ mL, urgency!

A

600+

115
Q

Distension of bladder stimulates:

A
  • Parasymp nerves (S2-4) to contract detrusor
  • Higher CNS centers can voluntarily inhibit this reflex
  • Parasymp nerves (S2-4) to relax internal urethral sphincter
  • Voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter
116
Q

Male reproductive organs

A 
Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland
External genitalia (testes, scrotum, penis)
117
Q

Female reproductive organs

A 
Ovaries
Uterine tube
Uterus
Vagina
External genitalia (vestibule, clitoris, labia majora)
118
Q

Testes develop ____ and descend into _____

A

Retroperitoneally

Scrotum

119
Q

Testes function

A

Produce sperm and sex hormones

120
Q

Sperm produced in:

A

Seminiferous tubules of testes

121
Q

Epididymis structure and functions

A
  • Convoluted duct (head, body, tail)
  • Storage and maturation of sperm (head)
  • Propulsion of sperm into ductus deferens
122
Q

Ductus deferens arises from _____, travels up through ____ and _____

A

Epididymis

Spermatic cord and Inguinal canal

123
Q

Ductus deferens enters pelvis via ____

A

Deep inguinal ring

lateral to inferior epigastric artery

124
Q

Ductus deferens ends as the:

A

Ampulla of ductus deferens

125
Q

Ejaculatory duct =

A

Ductus deferens merged with seminal vesicle

126
Q

Ejaculatory duct passes through ____ and enters ____

A

Prostate

Prostatic urethra

127
Q

____ provides nutrition for sperm

A

Fructose

128
Q

Seminal vesicle location

A

Along posterolateral portion of bladder just lateral to ductus deferens

129
Q

Seminal vesicle functions

A
  • Produces seminal fluid (contains fructose and choline)

* Fructose is not produced anywhere else in body so forensic science uses it to determine if sexual assault has occurred

130
Q

Florence’s test

A

Determine presence of semen via choline crystals in sexual assault cases

131
Q

Prostate gland location

A

Base of urinary bladder

Surrounds urethra

132
Q

Prostate gland functions

A
  • Produces fluid that combines with sperm and other fluids to form semen (seminal fluid)
  • Secretes PSA and acid phosphatase
133
Q

Prostate gland lobes

A
  • Anterior: isthmus, located anterior to urethra, NO glandular tissue
  • Middle: located between urethra and ejaculatory ducts, physically constricts urethra and obstructs urine flow
  • Posterior: posterior to urethra and inferior to ejaculatory duct
  • R/L Lateral: major portion of gland on each side of urethra
134
Q

Which lobe(s) of the prostate is prone to BPH?

A

Middle and lateral lobes

135
Q

Which lobe of the prostate is easily palpated upon digital exam?

A

Posterior

136
Q

Which lobe of the prostate does cancer typically begin?

A

Posterior

137
Q

Venous return of the prostate

A

2 pathways
Prostatic venous plexus drains into:
1. Internal iliac > IVC
2. Vertebral venous plexus > cranial dural sinuses

138
Q

Where does prostate cancer usually metastasize to?

A

Heart/lungs and vertebral column/brain

139
Q

Why does prostate cancer metastasize to heart/lungs and vertebral column/brain?

A

Two pathways of venous return from the prostate:

  1. Internal iliac > IVC > heart/lungs
  2. Vertebral venous plexus > cranial dural sinuses
140
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland description/location/function

A
  • 2 small glands located posterior to membranous urethra

- Secrete mucus-like secretion into urethra

141
Q

Scrotum

A

Cutaneous pouch that does not have any fat

142
Q

Why doesn’t the scrotum have any fat?

A

Allows for maintaining lower temperature

143
Q

Scrotum contains:

A

Testes and epididymis

144
Q

Penis structures

A

Body
Root
Head (glans penis)
Urethra

145
Q

Penis body is formed by:

A

3 columns:

  • one Corpus Spongiosum
  • two Corpus Cavernosa
146
Q

Penis root consists of:

A

2 crura

Bulb of penis

147
Q

Glans penis is formed by:

A

Terminal portion of corpus spongiosum

148
Q

Male urethra passes through:

A

Corpus spongiosum

149
Q

Prostatic urethra description

A

Surrounded by prostate
Urethral crest located on posterior wall
Ejaculatory and prostatic ducts enter urethra here

150
Q

Seminal colliculus

A
  • Oval raised portion of urethral crest of prostatic urethra

- Contains openings of ejaculatory, prostatic ducts, prostatic utricle

151
Q

Prostatic utricle

A
  • Located in seminal colliculus of urethral crest of prostatic urethra
  • Blind outpocket that is analogous to vagina and uterus in female
152
Q

Male urethra passes through ___ and consists of:

A

Corpus spongiosum

Prostatic, membranous, spongy (cavernous) urethra

153
Q

Prostatic utricle

A
  • Located in seminal colliculus of urethral crest of prostatic urethra
  • Blind outpocket that is analogous to vagina and uterus in female
154
Q

Membranous urethra

A

External urethral sphincter

155
Q

Spongy (cavernous) urethra

A
  • Passes through length of penis within corpus spongiosum

- Duct of bulbourethral gland enters here

156
Q

Ovaries location

A

Lateral to infundibulum of uterine tube

157
Q

Ovaries contain:

A

Ovarian follicles

158
Q

Ovaries function

A

Secrete estrogen and progesterone

159
Q

Ovulation process

A
  • Oocyte release from ovary into peritoneal cavity near ostium of infundibulum
  • Fimbriae of infundibulum trap oocyte and bring it into uterine tube
160
Q

Uterine tube parts

A

Intramural portion - lies within uterine wall
Isthmus - thick muscular wall, extends from uterine wall to ampulla
Ampulla - dilated, longest segment
Infundibulum - distal segment, terminates in fimbriae, contains abdominal ostium which opens into peritoneal cavity

161
Q

Which part is the longest segment of the uterine tube?

A

Ampulla

162
Q

Which part of the uterine tube ends in fimbriae?

A

Infundibulum

163
Q

Which part of the uterine tube is most common site for fertilization?

A

Ampulla

164
Q

Which part of uterine tube is most common site for ectopic implantation?

A

Ampulla

165
Q

Uterus location

A

Between rectum and bladder

166
Q

Uterus function

A

Facilitates movement of sperm from cervix
Provides safe, nourishing environment for fetus
Contracts to push fetus and placenta out during birth

167
Q

Divisions of the uterus

A

Body - fundus, isthmus
Cervix (neck) - narrow cylinder that enters and projects into vagina; consists of internal os, cervical canal, external os

168
Q

T/F: Body is the upper 2/3 of uterus

A

True

169
Q

Fundus of uterus

A

Rounded portion of uterus located above uterine tubes

170
Q

Isthmus of uterus

A

Narrow region of body of uterus that connects to cervix

171
Q

External os

A

Opening into vagina

172
Q

Various positions of uterus

A

Anteverted (50%)
Retroverted (25%)
Midposition (25%)

173
Q

Wall of the uterus contains 3 layers:

A

Perimetrium (outer serous coat)
Myometrium (middle muscular coat)
Endometrium (inner mucous coat)

174
Q

Structures that provide support to uterus

A 
Pelvic & urogenital diaphragms
Round ligament of uterus
Transverse cervical ligament
Uterosacral ligament
Pubocervical ligament
Broad ligament
175
Q

Broad ligament of uterus

A
  • Double fold of peritoneum that extends from uterus to pelvic wall
  • Supports ovary, uterine tubes, uterus
176
Q

Broad ligament of uterus contains:

A
  • Uterine tube, round ligament, many duct remnants of embryo
  • Ovarian artery, vein, nerve
  • Uterine artery, vein, nerve
177
Q

What is the MC gynecological malignancy?

A

Cervical cancer

178
Q

Uterine fibrinoids

A

Benign neoplasms of smooth muscle origin

Can cause infertility if it blocks uterine tubes

179
Q

Potential locations of uterine fibrinoids

A 
Within myometrium
Beneath endometrium (expand inward into uterine cavity)
Along external serosal layer (expand outward into peritoneal cavity)
180
Q

Vagina

A

Tube that connects uterus to vestibule
Dilates/extends width of pelvic outlet during childbirth
Fornix (superior portion) encircles cervix of uterus

181
Q

Three regions of vaginal fornix

A

Anterior - can palpate bladder on digital exam
Lateral
Posterior - can palpate rectum on digital exam

182
Q

What is the site for culdocentesis?

A

Posterior fornix of vagina

183
Q

Culdocentesis of vagina

A

Insert needle to collect fluid sample

Assess pelvic conditions (PID, ectopic preg) OR to collect oocytes for in vitro fertilization

184
Q

Vestibule

A

Region in which the vagina and urethra open into after passing through urogenital diaphragm

185
Q

Clitoris

A

Body and glans formed from two corpus cavernosa

Located anterior to opening of urethra

186
Q

Female urethra descends ____ distance from ____ to _____

A

Short
Bladder
Urethral opening

187
Q

Labia majora

A

Analogous to male scrotum
Contains connective tissue layers
Round ligament passes through inguinal canal and ends blindly in labia majora

188
Q

Where does the round ligament of the ovary end?

A

Labia majora

189
Q

Labia minora

A

Medial to labia majora

Form lateral walls of vestibule

190
Q

Perineum description

A

Diamond shaped space that is part of pelvic outlet

191
Q

Perineum boundaries (anterior, anterolateral, lateral, posterolateral, posterior)

A 
Anterior: pubic symphysis
Anterolateral: ischiopubic rami
Lateral: ischial tuberosities
Posterolateral: sacrotuberous ligaments
Posterior: Coccyx
192
Q

Perineum can be divided into 2 smaller triangles:

A

Urogenital

Anal

193
Q

Vertical boundaries of perineum

A 
Roof = skin/fascia
Floor = pelvic diaphragm
194
Q

Urogenital triangle

A

Superficial perineal space

Deep perineal space

195
Q

Superficial perineal space of urogenital triangle

A
  • Between Colle’s fascia and inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm (perineal membrane)
  • Muscles: ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal
196
Q

Deep perineal space of urogenital triangle

A
  • Between perineal membrane and superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
  • Muscles: deep transverse perineal, sphincter urethrae, sphincter urethrovaginalis (female), compressor urethrae (female)
197
Q

Anal triangle muscles

A

Obturator internus
Levator ani
Sphincter ani externus
Coccygeus

198
Q

Rectum location, function, venous return

A
  • Extends from sigmoid colon to anal canal
  • Dilated portion known as ampulla for feces storage
  • Located just superior to pelvic diaphragm
  • Inferior and middle rectal veins connect to IVC
  • Superior rectal vein connects to portal venous system
199
Q

What separates the anal canal from rectum?

A

Pelvic diaphragm

200
Q

Anal canal begins at ____ and ends at ____

A

Pelvic diaphragm

Anus

201
Q

Anal canal is divided into these 2 portions:

A

Visceral (upper 2/3)

Somatic (lower 1/3)

202
Q

What divides the visceral and somatic portions of anal canal?

A

Pectinate line

203
Q

Visceral portion of anal canal

A

Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)
Internal hemorrhoids occur her
Venous return is mainly through portal system

204
Q

Somatic portion of anal canal

A

Externa anal sphincter
External hemorrhoids occur here
Venous return is mostly through caval system (IVC)

Anatomy - Modules 8-10 (5 decks)

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