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Bio II > Module 9: Immune System: Internal Defense > Flashcards

Module 9: Immune System: Internal Defense Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_______ is the study of internal defense systems in animals

A

Immunology

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2
Q

_______ refers so self generated protection from an agent that can cause harm to the organism

A

Internal defense

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3
Q

_______ are diseases causing organisms such as bacterial, viruses, fungi, Protozoa worms,

A

Pathogens

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4
Q

______ is the infiltration and growth of pathogenic organisms within the tissues of another organism

A

Infection

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5
Q

______ in humans and other animals recognize pathogens and toxins, then respond to eliminate them

A

Immune systems

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6
Q

_______ carry interstitial fluids

A

Lymph vessels

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7
Q

______ collecting points for lymph vessels in the body

A

Lymph nodes

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8
Q

______ where T cells develop

A

Thymus

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9
Q

________ where B cells develop

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

______ removes dead bacteria and red blood cells to recycle hemoglobin

A

Spleen

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11
Q

Yellow, 55% blood volume, composed of proteins

A

Plasma

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12
Q

________ or _______ defend the body against harmful bacteria and other microorganisms
Humans contain granular _______ and agranular ______

A

Leukocytes

White blood cells

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13
Q

Granular leukocyte a have large lobed nuclei and distinctive ______ in their cytoplasm

A

Granules

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14
Q

_______ are ________ cells that ingest bacteria

A

Neutrophils

Phagocytic

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15
Q

______ contain lysosomes with enzymes that degrade cell membranes of ________

A

Eosinophils

Parasitic worms

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16
Q

_______ release histamine in injured tissues and in _______; and heparin, an anticoagulant

A

Basophils

Allergic responses

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17
Q

_______ fight infections; some produce antibodies, others directly attack invaders such as bacteria or viruses

A

Lymphocytes (B and T cells)

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18
Q

_______ are phagocytes that migrate from blood into tissues during an infection which differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells

A

Monocytes

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19
Q

_______ engulf bacteria, dead cells, and debris

A

Macrophages

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20
Q

_______ are important in the immune system

A

Dendritic cells

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21
Q

_______ target viruses and tumor cells

A

NK cells

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22
Q

________ proteins that bind to membrane ________ on target cells
Regulate immune responses, growth, repair, and cell activation

A

Cytokines

Receptor

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23
Q

_______ are cytokines that are produced by lymphocytes

Ex. Interferons, Tumor necrosis factors, interleukins

A

Lymphokines

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24
Q

________ line of defense includes nonspecific barriers to penetration by pathogens or toxins
Ex. Skin, mucous, lysozyme
Innate

A

First

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25
Q

_______ line of defense is nonspecific
Ex. Phagocytosis infammation, fever, complement
Innate

A

Second

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26
Q

______ line of defense is a response that is tailored to the specific pathogen, squired
Ex. Lymphocytes, antibody protection

A

Third

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27
Q

_______ provides intermediate, general protection against pathogens, parasites, some toxins and drugs, and cancer cells

A

Innate immunity – nonspecific immune response

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28
Q

_______ the specific immune system recognizes molecules as foreign (antigens) and produces highly specific proteins (antibodies) that recognize and bind to them

A

Acquired/adaptive immunity

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29
Q

An anatomical, physical feature that prevents penetration of many hazardous agents

A

Skin

30
Q

PH (acidic saliva) and body temperature can inhibit the growth of some pathological microbial species

A

Physiological factors

31
Q

The mucus that lines the body cavities contains chemicals (lysozyme) which can attack pathogens

A

Mucus membranes

32
Q

Toxic substances can be neutralized and pathogenic microbes can be digested by a variety of cells including macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils

A

Phagocytic cells

33
Q

Localized accumulation of phagocytic cells and vasodilation can lead to fever, swelling and redness in response to an infectious agent

A

Inflammation

34
Q

______ increases phagocytosis and interferes with the growth and replication of microorganisms

A

Elevated body temperature

35
Q

During ________ cells release ______ that dilated blood vessels in the affected area
Increased blood flow warms the skin and reddens skin that contains little pigment

A

Vasodilation

Histamines

36
Q

________ is when _________ occurs when fluid and antibodies leave the circulation and enter the tissues

A

Increased capillary permeability

Edema

37
Q

________ is when phagocytes migrate out of the capillaries and into the infected tissue

A

Increased phagocytosis

38
Q

Phagocytes secrete cytokines that active the ______ system

A

Complement cascade

39
Q

______ consists of proteins present in plasma and other body fluids that are non-specific

A

Complement

40
Q

Innate –complement steps

A

Lose viruses, bacteria and other cells
Coat pathogens so macrophages and neutrophils phagocytosis them more easily
Attract white blood cells to the infection site
Bind to specific receptors on cells of the immune system, stimulation get specific actions, such as secreting regulatory molecules and enhancing the inflammatory response

41
Q

Specific immune response are mechanisms that are precisely targeted to destroy specific ______, and they have ______

A

Antigens

Immunological memory

42
Q

______ are identification molecules found on cell surfaces

A

Antigens

43
Q

An individual’s unique set of genetically determined antigens is her/her ______

A

ajar hits compatibility complex (MHC)

44
Q

T cells are _______ immunity

A

Cell mediated

45
Q

B cells and antibodies are ______ immunity

A

Humoral

46
Q

______ is when T cells mature in the Thymus

A

Cell mediated immunity

47
Q

______ secrete cytokines and boost the function of other cells in the immune system

A

Helper T cells

48
Q

______ attach other cells ha take infected with viruses

A

Cytotoxic T cells

49
Q

________ stop of slow the production of cells

A

Suppressor T cells

50
Q

B cells mature in the bone arrow

Each B cells makes antibodies specific for one target

A

Humoral immunity

51
Q

________ produce large amount of antibodies

A

Plasma cells

52
Q

_______ become quiescent and retain memory for the rapid response in the next infection

A

Memory cells

53
Q

Within 24 hours of a bacterium penetrating a vertebrate tissue, the infected cells begin to make the protein _______

A

Interferon

54
Q

Interferon causes macrophages to mature and it stimuilates _________ to start destroying infected cells in the tissue

A

Natural killer cells

55
Q

Macrophages being to digest infected cells, a molecules called interleukin is secreted and the ______ show the foreign antigen to other immune cells

A

Macrophages

56
Q

_______ activates T cells so the cell mediated response and begin

A

Interleukin #1

57
Q

During ______ response
Helper T cells attract additional macrophages to the site of infection
Helper T cells secrete interleukin #2 which speeds of the rate of T cell development
Cytotoxic T cells lyse infected cells
The response peaked in one week post initial infection
The response is slowed down by suppressor T cells two weeks after initial infection

A

Cell mediated

58
Q

_______ are store for the next time you are exposed, you will be prepared for a repaid self defense reaction

A

Memory cells are stored

59
Q

_______ is obtained from antibodies actively produced by another organism
Ex. Babies breast feeding milk

A

Passive immunity

60
Q

_________ is the hardening and the blockage of the arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

61
Q

______ is painful, swollen joints

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

62
Q

________ a type of inflammatory bowel disease

A

Crohn’s disease

63
Q

_______ is the destruction of the pancreas leads to low blood glucose

A

Type 1 diabetes

64
Q

________ is leukemias and lymphomas are cancers of the immune system

A

Cancer

65
Q

Immune system is not active enough

A

Chronic infection, cancer

66
Q

In _______, hypersensitivity results in the manufacture of antibodies against mild antigens (allergens) which normally do not stimulate an immune response

A

Allergic reactions

67
Q

In _______, T cells produce a cytokines that promotes inflammation – antibodies to a joint protein may generate antigen-antibody complexes that are deposited in the small joints

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

68
Q

In _______ an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, T h cells attack self myelin antigens – loss of myelinated sheaths around axons in the brain and spinal chord compromises neuron function

A

Multiple sclerosis

69
Q

_______ is an excessively strong response (hypersensitivity) to an antigen that is not very harmful

A

Allergy

70
Q

______ happen when an individual fails to recognized one of his/her own tissues

A

Autoimmune disorders

71
Q

Absence or failure of some component of the immune system can result in ______, a condition that increases susceptibility to infection

A

Immunodeficiency disease

72
Q

________ are X linked and autosomal recessive disorders that affect both cell-mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity

A

Server combined immunodeficiency syndromes (SCIDs)

Bio II (4 decks)

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