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Bio II > Module 7: Effectors And Movement > Flashcards

Module 7: Effectors And Movement Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

______ in animals detect changes in the environment called stimuli

A

Sensory organs

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2
Q

_______ interpret the stimuli detected by sensory organs

A

Nervous systems

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3
Q

________ are tissues that take direction from the nervous system and carry out the appropriate response

A

Effectors

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4
Q

______ is the maintained of a steady state

Typically involves the ______ system and _______ glands

A

Homeostasis
Autonomic nervous
Endocrine

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5
Q

_______ most common, the response of the regulator decreases the effect of stimuli
Ex. Glucose regulation, body temperature control

A

Negative feedback systems

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6
Q

______ the response of the regulator increases the effect (sustaining the stimuli)
Ex. Contractions, blood clotting, lactation, generation of nerve impulses

A

Positive feedback systems

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7
Q

Soft bodied invertebrates

Ex. Hydra, flatworms, earthworms

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

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8
Q

Cnidarians (hydra), contraction of the outer layer causes shortening and contraction of the inner layer causes lengthening

A

Fluid in closed body compartments

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9
Q

In annelid worms (earthworms), separate isolate portions of the body cavity, allowing the hydrostatic skeletons of each segment to be largely independent from one another

A

Fluid in closed body compartment

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10
Q

The polysaccharide chin tin and calcium carbonate are deposited on the _______ in ______
Protection and transmission of forces
No living shells does not grow so anthropods must moly periodically
Paired appendages with joints allow for faster movement
Ex. Mollisols and anthropods

A

Outside

Exoskeletons

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11
Q

______ consists of plates of shafts of calcium impregnated living tissue that can ______ along the animal
Ex. Vertebrates, some invertebrates (starfish)

A

Living internal skeleton
Grow
Endoskeletons

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12
Q

Firm, flexible, connective tissue found in selected regions of the vertebrate skeleton

A

Cartilage

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13
Q

Rigid connective tissues that comprises the majority of vertebrate skeletons

A

Bone

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14
Q

Spacers found at bone-bone junctions, allowing movement without bones rubbing against eachother

A

Joint

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15
Q

Fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone, holding skeletal components together

A

Ligament

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16
Q

Fibrous connective tissue attaching bones to muscle

A

Tendon

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17
Q

In addition to its role in locommotion and movement, the vertebrate skeletal system? (3)

A

Storage site for calcium
Physical protection for brain, spinal chord, lungs,
Contains bone marrow

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18
Q

Located along the central axis of the body; consists the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

A

Axial skeleton

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19
Q

Bones of limbs

Pectoral (shoulder) griddle and pelvic (hip) griddle, which connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

A

Appendicular skeleton

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20
Q

______ (4) are located along the central axis of the body

A

Skull (mandible)
Vertebral column
Rib cage
Sternum

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21
Q

Everything else

Ex. Limbs, pectoral griddle (shoulder bones) pelvic hip griddle (hip bones)

A

Appendicular skeleton

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22
Q

Left and right Clavicle and Scapula

A

Pictorial griddles

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23
Q

Left and right humerus, ulna radius

A

Arm and forearm

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24
Q

Left and right carpal, metal carpal phalanges

A

Hands

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25
Q

Hip bones

A

Pelvic griddle

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26
Q

Femur, fibula, tibia, patella

A

Thigh and leg

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27
Q

Tarsals and metatarsals phalanges

A

Feet and ankles

28
Q

Inner _______ contains the bone marrow

Outer ______

A

Spongy bone

Compact bone

29
Q

Compact bone consists of units called _______ or ______

A

Osteons

Haversian systems

30
Q

Osteons and haversian systems contain:
______ trapped in ______ (pits) in concentric circles
______ containing blood vessels and nerves which run through each osteon
______ which are concentric like layers of matrix containing calcium

A

Osteocytes & lacunae
Haversian canal
Lamellae

31
Q

Rounded end of the long bone that contains red marrow, the epiphysis all plate is where bone growth occurs

A

2 epiphyses

32
Q

Covers the epiphyses to prevent bone from ribbing on bone

A

Articular cartilage

33
Q

Mid section of long bone containing bone marrow

A

Diaphysis

34
Q

______ is a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones

A

Endosteum

35
Q

_______ is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones

A

Periosteum

36
Q

Immature cells the form to build bone
Secrete the bone matrix made up of calcium and collagen fibers
As the matrix forms around the _______, these trapped ______ become osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts

37
Q

Multinucleated cells that resort/break down collagen and calcium crystals

A

Osteoclasts

38
Q

Mature bone cells trapped in lucunae

A

Osteocytes

39
Q

______ and _______ work in balance to maintain to shape and model bones for growth and development

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

40
Q

________ takes place more rapidly that bone formation by the osteoblasts

A

Bone resorption by osteoclasts

41
Q

______ consists of long, striated cells with many nuclei organized in bundles wrapped by connective tissue

A

Skeletal muscle

42
Q

______: The plasma membrane that has multiple inward extensions that form _______

A

Sarcolemma

T Tubes

43
Q

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

44
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

45
Q

_______: Threadlike structures that run lengthwise through the muscle fibers that are made up of two types of ________

A

Myofibrils

Myofiliments

46
Q

Myofilaments are made up of 2 types

A

Thick myosin filaments – consists mainly of protein myosin

Thin actin filaments – consists mainly of the protein actin

47
Q

______ are the basic unit of muscle contraction containing myosin and actin filaments

A

Sarcomeres

48
Q

______ and _______ filaments overlap lengthwise in muscle fibers production a pattern of ______ (I, A, and H bands)

A

Myosin
Actin
Striations

49
Q

Actin filaments only of two adjacent sacromeres

A

I bands

50
Q

Myosin and actin filaments

A

A band

51
Q

Myosin filaments only

A

H zone

52
Q

Muscle contractions occur when _______ shorten

A

Sarcomeres

53
Q

_______ and _______ slide past on another, increasing their overlap

A

Actin

Myosin

54
Q

______ and ______ decrease in length

A

I band

H band

55
Q

Actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments ______

A

Do not shorten

56
Q

Skeletal muscles act ______ to one another

A

Antagonistically

57
Q

_______ is an immediate energy source for muscle contraction

A

ATP hydrolysis

58
Q

Compound can anaerobically donate a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during the first 2-7 seconds following an intense muscular or neuronal effort

A

Creatine phosphate

59
Q

Fuel sorted in muscle fibers and liver

Broken down to glucose for aerobic

A

Glycogen

60
Q

Triglyceride is long term energy storage form

A

Fat

61
Q

Occurs when there is oxygen debt during exercise causes muscles to obtain energy anaerobically through _______

A

Lactic acid formation

62
Q

Functional unit of bone

A

Osteon/haversion system

63
Q

Pits with osteocytes

A

Lucanae

64
Q

Blood vessels and nerves make up the _______

A

Haversion canal

65
Q

Circles containing calcium

A

Lamellae

Bio II (4 decks)

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