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Bio II > Module 10 – Nutrition and Food Processing > Flashcards

Module 10 – Nutrition and Food Processing Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

______ is the process of acquisition and use of food

A

Nutrition

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2
Q

_________ is a molecule in food that can be used by an organism that “eats” the door to continue their physiological processes

A

Nutrient

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3
Q

______ are substances that are used as energy sources to power the systems of the body, ingredients to make compounds for metabolic processes, building blocks in the growth and repair of tissues

A

Nutrients

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4
Q

All animals are _______ – organisms that must obtain their energy and nourishment from organic molecules

A

Heterotrophs

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5
Q

Plants are ________ – organisms that produce their own nourishment using energy from sunlight

A

Autotrophs

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6
Q

______ are the most important source of energy

Ingested as polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

_______ are fats and fat-like substances

Triglyceride

A

Lipids

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8
Q

_______ are composed of amino acids and service as enzymes and essential structural components of cells

A

Proteins

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9
Q

_______ small amounts for biochemical processes

A

Organic compounds

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10
Q

_______ results for dietary intake that is either below of above required needs

A

Malnutrition

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11
Q

In human populations, both _______ and obesity are serious health problems

A

Undermutrition

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12
Q

Selection, acquisition, and ingestion of food

A

Feeding

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13
Q

Process of breaking down food mechanically and chemically

A

Digestion

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14
Q

The passage of nutrients through the lining of the digestive tract into blood

A

Absorption

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15
Q

Process of discharging undefeated and absorbed food

A

Egestion

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16
Q

_______ occurs within cells, typically inside and organelle like a food vacuole

A

Intracellular digestion

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17
Q

________ occurs in a centralized tubule or cavity but not inside individual cells

A

Extracellular digestion

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18
Q

________ have one orifice (body opening) that is used for ingestion and for egestion, mouth and anus purposes

A

Incomplete digestive systems

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19
Q

________ have on orifice for ingestion and a separate orifice for elimination

A

Complete digestive systems

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20
Q

_______ feed by endophytes is and egestion is by exocytosis

A

Amoeba

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21
Q

Food particles are drawn into the mouth from a food vacuole. Nutritious contents of the vacuole exit with diffusion and then vacuole comes into contact with the anal pore

A

Paramecium

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22
Q

Some invertebrates have a _______ with a single opening which serves as both mouth and anus

A

Gastrovascular cavity

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23
Q

Most invertebrates and all vertebrates have a _______ or tube-within-tube body plan

A

Complete digestive tract

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24
Q

Waves of muscle contraction push food in one direction from mouth to anus

A

Peristalsis

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25
Q

Accessory glands secrete digestive juices into the digestive tract ______(3)

A

Liver
Pancreas
Salivary glands

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26
Q

________ begins in the mouth and teeth of meals are specialized to preform specific functions

A

Mechanical digestion

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27
Q

_________ secrete saliva into the mouth, the enzyme _______ begins the chemical digestion of starch into sugar

A

Salivary glands

Salivary amylase

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28
Q

A _______ at the lower end of the esophagus releases to allow food to enter the stomach

A

Sphincter

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29
Q

Folders of the stomach wall (______) allow the stomach to expand to hold up a liter of food

A

Rugae

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30
Q

Cells in gastric glands secrete ________ acid and ________, an inactive precursor which is converter by acidic gastric juice to _______, a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins to short peptides

A

HCL
Pepsinogen
Pepsin

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31
Q

Starch is degraded to small polysaccharides and maltose unit salivary _______ is activated by stomach acids

A

Amylase

32
Q

Inner surface, digestive surface

A

Mucosa

33
Q

______ blood vessels transport nutrients

A

Submucosa

34
Q

Moves food though peristalsis

A

Muscularis

35
Q

Outer layer

A

Serosa

36
Q

Millions of tiny ________ increase the surface area of the small intestine for digestion and absorption of nutrients

A

Villi

37
Q

_______ absorb broken down lipids which capillaries absorb a variety of other nutrients

A

Lacteals

38
Q

_______ – indigestible solid material and bile salts, also occurs in the colon

A

Storage of feces

39
Q

____ secretes bile which digests fats by a detergent like action (emulsification)

A

Liver

40
Q

Secretes both digestion enzymes and hormones that regulate blood glucose levels

A

Pancreas

41
Q

_______ digests polypeptides to dip epithets

A

Trypsin

42
Q

_______ degrades lipids

A

Pancreatic lipase

43
Q

_______ breakers down complex carbohydrates to disaccharides

A

Pancreatic amylase

44
Q

_______ secreted by salivary glands

A

Amylase

45
Q

Secreted by the lining in the small intestine

A

Maltase

46
Q

Digests proteins into peptides
_______ in stomach
_______ in the duodenum

A

Pepsin

Trypsin

47
Q

digestion so small peptides into amino acids in the small intestine

A

Peptidases

48
Q

Lipids are initial emulsified by _______ of the liver

A

Bile salts

49
Q

They are hydrolyzes by ______ into glycerol and fatty acids

A

Pancreatic lipase

50
Q

Swelling of the appendix

A

Appendicitis

51
Q

Results when lining breaks down

A

Ulcers

52
Q

Know as cholecystectomy

A

Gallbladder disease

53
Q

_________ are compounds that separate into ions when dissolved

A

Electrolytes

54
Q

_______ is a ability to counteract osmotic stress and maintain homeostasis with respect to water and electrolyte balance

A

Osmoregulatoin

55
Q

Body fluids of most marine invertebrates are in osmotic equilibrium with surrounding sea water

A

Osmoconformers

56
Q

__________ are animals that have homeostatic mechanisms that maintain salt concentration in their surrounding tissues regardless of their surroundings

A

Osmoregulators

57
Q

Holds the most body fluid

A

Intracellular fluid

58
Q

_______ includes interstitial fluid, lymph, and blood plasma

A

Extracellular fluid

59
Q

______ forms for plasma and other materials throughout the body

A

Interstitial fluid

60
Q

In vertebrates, blood _______ transport nutrients, gases, waste products, and other materials through the body

A

Plasma

61
Q

_______ describes the amount of solute in the solvent

A

Tonicity/osmolarity

62
Q

______ is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a more dilute solution to a less dilute solution

A

Osmosis

63
Q

______ is the process which organisms control the concentration of water and salt so that their body fluids do not become too dilute or too concentrated

A

Osmoregulatoin

64
Q

_______ system functions in both osmoregulation and in disposal of metabolic wastes

A

Excretory

65
Q

_______ is the process of ridding the body of metabolic wastes

A

Excretion

66
Q

The principle metabolic waste products are carbon dioxide, water, and ______

A

Nitrogenous wastes

67
Q

The mechanism of amino acids, the nitrogen contraining amino group is removed (deaminiation) and converted to ________

A

Ammonia

68
Q

Highly toxic

Deammination of amino acids

A

Ammonia

69
Q

Less toxic

Produced from ammonia and breakdown of nucleotides

A

Uric acid

70
Q

Less toxic

Produced in the liver from ammonia by the urea cycle

A

Urea

71
Q

Flatworms have _______ comprised of tubules with no internal openings

A

Protonephridia

72
Q

Enlarged blind ends consists of _______

A

Flame cells

73
Q

Most Annelida and Mollusks have ______ – tubes that open at both ends

A

Metanephridia

74
Q

The ciliates inner end opens into the coelom – the outer opens to the outside though a ________

A

Nephridiopore

75
Q

Major organ of excretion and is responsible of osmoregulation in vertebrates

A

Kidney

76
Q

Is the functional unite of the kidney

A

nephron

77
Q

Steps in urine production (4)

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Concentration

Bio II (4 decks)

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